smd resistor 100

Brand new

(CM4) Just released! Surprised? No, we are not-Raspberry Pi Foundation

For the 4 series for a long time.

The appearance has undergone a comprehensive overhaul, but the changes in this little monster are much greater than at first glance. We will take you to understand them all. The most important benefit is the ease of implementation of PCIe and NVMe, which makes it possible to move data in and out of the SSD at an amazing speed. Combining optional WiFi/Bluetooth and easy-to-design Gigabit Ethernet, CM4 is a connection monster.

Ultra-fast home NAS is one of the classic "want to build with Pi" projects. CM4 makes this finally possible.

If you don't understand the calculation modules, they are a simplified version of what you might think of as Raspberry Pi, which is officially called the "Model B" form factor. For commercial applications, computing modules lack many of the comforts of older siblings, but they are designed to be flexible and allow some additional functions.

The calculation module is not entirely suitable for beginners, but we are deeply impressed by the extent to which Team Raspberry enables intermediate hackers to access this module. This is mostly due to the open design of the IO Breakout board that was also released today. Using the fully opened KiCAD design file, if you can edit and order the PCB, and then reflow the content that arrived in the mail, you can design for CM4. The benefit of this is a lighter, cheaper and more customizable platform that packs the functions of the Raspberry Pi 4 into a flat 40 mm x 55 mm package.

So let's take a look at the new features, and then look at what is necessary to integrate the calculation module into your own design.

The biggest impact of CM4 is the new connector. since

, They have a 200-pin SO-DIMM connector, just like the DDR2 memory board of a notebook computer. CM4 changed this by choosing two high-speed, high-density 100-pin mezzanine connectors. It is painful to break the tradition. We know that some of you will be left with a cabinet full of SO-DIMM slots, but they do so for good reasons.

System on chip used by Pi 4 series (Broadcom BCM2711)

(PDF). Therefore, Pi 4 Model B is equipped with a second HDMI connector, USB 3.0 and Gigabit Ethernet. But it is even capable! For example, enterprising hackers soon realized that USB 3.0 was on the PCIe bus.

. This is feasible, but it is difficult and requires some complicated on-board rework.

The existence of the computing module allows designers to easily use all the functions of the SOC. It is impossible to install PCIe with dual HDMI and other high-speed peripherals into the old SO-DIMM connector,

. Therefore, the new connector:

If you already feel itchy fingers on the circuit board design.

By using two mezzanine connectors instead of a single SO-DIMM, the CM4 design achieves a good separation between low-speed and high-speed peripherals. One side has traditional Raspberry Pi GPIO, power supply, SD card interface and Ethernet. The other side is responsible for PCIe, USB, HDMI and MIPI CSI camera and DSI display lines, each with two lines. On the one hand, this means that you need to handle more high-speed IO. On the other hand, if you don't need any high-speed interface, you can solve it with a simple single connector design.

The new connector also provides a smaller footprint for the module and reduces the height and weight of the board when it is installed in the device. They achieve a better separation of high-speed domain and low-speed domain, so the layout will be easier. Oops, their prices are even cheaper than the old SO-DIMM sockets. Considering that this is a compromise of PCIe, we have no regrets for this change.

CM3 has more ordering options than CM2, and Pi 4 Model B has more memory configuration options than Pi 3 Model B. But CM4 is competent. There are 32 different varieties with different prices. why? There are four layers of RAM, four layers of onboard eMMC storage and optional wireless modules. (4 x 4 x 2 = 32.) Let's start with the basic model: no wireless function, 1 GB RAM and CM4 without eMMC. This will cost you $25.

For other options, it's like pizza toppings. An additional $5 allows you to surf the Internet wirelessly. For $5 per tier, you can add 8 GB, 16 GB or 32 GB eMMC. To get a board with 2 GB RAM, the price is US$5, 4 GB costs US$20, and 8 GB costs US$45.

Quick Quiz: How much is CM4 Lite (without eMMC) with WiFi and 4 GB RAM? We get $50. CM4 with wireless capabilities, powerful 32 GB eMMC and 2 GB RAM? It's also $50. Pi with everything (wireless / 32 GB eMMC / 8 GB RAM)? $90.

Some listed in the datasheet may be configured as "batch", while others are configured as "1 + /batch", so smaller users may not be easy to use them. For example, if you want the wireless number to be 1, you may be limited to 2 GB or 4 GB RAM configurations. However, all levels of eMMC are equally available. In the long run, since all this may change according to customer needs, you may need to check the Raspberry Pi website for the latest information.

Compared with Pi 4 Model B, CM4 is more flexible. The headline difference is that CM4 no longer dedicates the PCIe bus to USB 3.0. This choice is meaningful for consumer-oriented circuit boards, but CM4 is for designers. PCIe can be added to a CM4 design very simply: all you need is the correct socket and 3.3 V and 12 V power rails. And this has even been updated

Solid state drive. Raspberry engineer Dominic Plunkett told us that they obtained a write speed of 390 MBytes/s in the lab, which is very close to the theoretical maximum speed. You are trading with Model B's USB 3.0 port, but if you are after fast SSD I/O, PCIe with NVMe is the most advanced. Not bad for single board computers!

Type B has only one disconnected two-channel MIPI CSI camera connector and one disconnected two-channel MIPI DSI display connector. CM4 allows the use of two each, for example, to achieve stereoscopic 3D imaging. (You can also

, But it is now obsolete. ) In addition, Model B only exposes the two-channel version of CSI and DSI, while CM4 also provides you with a four-channel version to provide higher bandwidth. Using these functions, you can get higher performance without using the camera

. Want ultra-high frame rate or resolution video on DSI screens? CM4.

Even the optional WiFi/Bluetooth module is more flexible. In addition to the on-board PCB antenna, they also added a UFL connector for the external antenna, and the internal and external antennas can be enabled or disabled through software as needed. This makes CM4 the right choice for demanding WiFi applications or just built in a metal box. The Raspberry Pi Foundation will sell FCC-certified antennas that can be used with the CM4, or you can bring your own but carry it with you.

Finally, the Ethernet chip has undergone a minor upgrade,

On CM4. It is still a Gigabit Ethernet PHY chip, but the chip also supports

. If you need better time synchronization than NTP, then you know what all this means.

We noticed two things that make us feel curious while working

Use our fine-toothed comb.

First, it says that CM4 is more efficient than Model B, so it uses less power. But because it is on a smaller board, it does not dissipate heat passively like Model B, and it still prefers to throttle the CPU speed to prevent overheating. There are currently no figures available, but we will use Model B hands-on and will compare the two in a stress test soon. stay tuned.

Secondly, there is a tempting sentence about the remaining two analog inputs

, And you are called

(PDF) For further study. They seem to break in the labeled pins

with

On the official IO board. In our opinion, the glove was thrown away.

Finally, sometimes flexibility conflicts with ease of use. Type B has a total of four USB ports: two USB 3.0 and two USB 2.0. USB 3.0 was cut off, and CM4 only has a USB 2.0 port connection, because that is supported by Broadcom SOC itself. If you want more USB ports, you must build your own hub. This is what they did on Model B and what they did on the CM4 IO demo board. Speaking of IO boards...

We got an IO board and our sample CM4. use

as well as

Available, it is basically a template for making your own CM4-based design. Take a look!

It only takes a little time to bring all the functions of CM4 into the real world, and we are impressed. The HDMI port is the same as the MIPI camera and display cable, which is wired directly from the connector to the connector. Ethernet is realized through Ethernet protection, but if you don't need Ethernet protection, you can connect directly from CM4 to magnetic components. (Or optical transceiver?) PCIe is equally simple: everything except the 3.3 V and 12 V power rails is plugged directly into the socket from the CM4.

Indeed, the only part of the IO board that looks like any design work (no offense, RPi engineer!) is the USB 2.0 hub, which allows up to four connections, if you need a tested design, you can copy it directly. , The power supply is converted down to 5 V from the 12 V barrel jack of the CM4, and to 3.3V for the PCIe connector. The SD card can hold the eMMC "Lite" version of CM4 without a high-side switch, so it can be turned off when the CM4 is not in use to save power. Everything else is just wires.

But they are not necessarily simple wires. For those who have not designed high-speed boards, this is a trap. Basically need to pay attention to two types of traces: 90Ω differential pair and 100Ω differential pair. The first group includes PCIe and USB, and in pairing, they need to be matched to a minimum of 0.15 mm. For PCIe, the recommended matching is 0.1 mm. 100Ω pairs are specified for Ethernet, HDMI, and MIPI CSI and DSI connections.

According to the data sheet, the requirements for the length of the cross-wire pair are not so strict, but the length of the two wires in the differential pair must be matched. Since the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) added KiCAD in 2015, it has been doing differential pairing.

It is strongly recommended that you use it to calculate the trace width for impedance control, but only for Windows. (You may only determine the trace width and the spacing of the IO board design, and ignore the whole problem.)

Of course, unless you need them, you don't need all these high-speed peripherals. You can run a CM4 server with eMMC and wireless functions using only 5 V and GND pins, provided that you have a way to import the software into eMMC first. For the classic headless Pi experience, you can also connect GPIO and SD card lines without worrying about impedance. (Note that you can only use low-speed mezzanine connectors to do this. Not bad.)

But this is not why you are here. You want to turn the IO board reference design into this high-speed custom PCIe NAS, remember? That's it! Just remember to design many status LEDs.

In short, CM4 is all the functions of Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, but it uses a more flexible and consumer-friendly packaging. It has 32 different varieties and exposes some serious high-end peripherals, which is especially impressive for the low price tag. The real cost of admission is to design your own motherboard to work with it, but even with some help, it doesn't look too bad. We look forward to seeing everyone using it.

Cool stuff, maybe now I can finally make the old PineBook really run the desktop environment: D

The appearance has changed. Will it be compatible with your pinebook?

There is nothing that cannot be fixed with wires and hot glue.

What are the unfilled pads on the top edge of the board? Next to the FCC logo

There is no clue. It looks like some kind of socket takes up space, doesn't it?

It seems that there are 6 signals and 2 ground points. One of the signals ends at the test point on the back, and the other signal is bent under the can of the wireless unit. It is a four-layer board, and the other four signals seem to be sandwiched in between.

The general location makes me think of the radio, but the fact that the wiring is routed around the reference point makes me feel unimportant. Well, that is sparsely populated after all. :)

It looks similar to the debug port on other Pis.

It is just a JTAG connector, used to start and debug the board.

Please provide further clues.

This is the VC6 jtag debugging port. It is uninhabited because there is no tool to use it outside of Broadcom/RPi Foundation.

It looks like it might be used for a threaded antenna mount, as can be found on appropriate wifi hardware. Of course it's just a guess.

It looks like a Mini USB 8pin connector.

For eMMC flashing will be meaningful.

Many companies will not only exchange designs, but also choose boards with the same shape so that their 1k+ boards can still be used on the shelf.

Of course, unless they also produce older versions.

I am very happy that I chose nanopi neo as the product, because it will be produced in a period of time, and will carry a "long-term support" label, prompting timely obsolescence.

CM3+ is still available, while CM4 will not be available until at least 2028. The Neo’s outdated claims cannot be found, so comparisons cannot be made.

My only problem now is.

How many PCIe channels does it have?

Although the data sheet can quickly answer this question.

It has 1 and is at PCIe 2.0 speed.

That is, only about 4 Gb/s, although the speed is fast, it is not impressive.

The SATA3 port is much faster. (SATA3 is 6 Gb/s (speed increased by 50%))

Fortunately, the chips used already have 1 Gb/s networking capabilities, so there is no need to spend our PCIe channels on it.

But I really don't think this platform is a good foundation for "ultra-fast home NAS".

Considering that the old relics of PCs usually have 3-8 SATA ports (mostly SATA3) and a small number of PCIe channels, or even 3.0, a 10 Gb/s network is an option. Then it usually supports more than 8 GB or RAM, so there is enough cache space.

If CM4 has 4 PCIe channels, then from the NAS point of view, or anything related to PCIe will become more interesting.

Just like I am happy to replace the second HDMI port with a pair of PCIe 3.0 channels. (The HDMI 2.0 port sends data at a speed of up to 18 Gb/s and has 4 differential pairs. If the PCIe controller can maintain the original speed, the technology can be used for two PCIe 4.0 channels, so the 3.0 channel is more practical ...)

Correction of HDMI 2.0 statement:

The 3 data pairs of HDMI 2.0 have a combined bandwidth of 18 Gb/s. (The fourth pair is the bus clock)

That is, each pair only sends data at a rate of 6 Gb/s, which is far from meeting the 16 Gb/s requirement of PCIe 4.0 for its channel.

However, it should be enough for SATA3, or if you speed up slightly, you can reach the 8 Gb/s used by PCIe 3.0. (If only PCIe 2.5 is 6 Gb/s, and PCIe 3.5 is 12 Gb/s.)

This one. When this article originally claimed that the classic Pi usage would be "ultra-high-speed home NAS", it attracted a lot of attention.

Guys, BCM2711 is still an optimized product for set-top box devices. The marketing method of CM as an "industrial application embedded board" has not changed. In fact, using the Raspberry Pi pi cannot meet the needs of most applications, which still proves that the versatility of Broadcom hardware is still useful.

First of all, a few days ago, the new "Oh, you want to install a Linux-enabled computer in an embedded device" guide was fully launched, and it is actually very good:

Second: If you want to control/deeply embed the system on the module, it is much larger than the RPi foundation:

For example, NXP has a [recommended supplier] (

); The same goes for other suppliers.

I really don't see the appeal of computing modules that push 4K-capable video output to deep embedded applications (usually meaning "headless"). Maybe I am missing something, but:

Using CM4 does not get "mechanical convenience", it can output high-speed signals, so the motherboard using these signals needs high-speed design. At that time we will leave the beginner's field (it's okay, not for beginners), by then, what the "regular" board/SoC vendors provide will become a real cost-saving tool.

What do you know, when I buy the NXP SoC directly and put it on the board, I get an IDE that allows me to assign pin functions as needed. I can directly access the support forum (I ask you to do this at Broadcom). What I didn't get was Raspbian, and personally, it's no big deal. In any case, I still hope that Yocto BSP or Buildroot integration can be used.

The power consumption of the Pi 4B is better than ever (so I think the CM4 is about the same), which means that it is still the most power-consuming Pi ever and one of the ARM SBCs with the lowest design cost. , But in the end it is still in the "assessment of equipment that usually has this computing capability", which was not the case before (because the early RPi was slow and still consumes power).

I like the basics of RPi and its achievements in popular self-made software computing. I think they do not plan to extend to industrial use in general, but this is a business decision they made. For some reason, modern industrial high-end SoMs tend to integrate things such as the Cortex-M4 core and its Cortex-A core-just because you rarely only need high but uncertain throughput, and Control applications usually need to be able to react within a defined number of nanoseconds. BCM2711 does not have this function. It does not have excellent PCIe or networking (hint: please check the datasheet of the "Spear MX8" board for comparison.), ADC or industry standard bus (CAN? Any other fieldbus?).

The RPi Foundation is pushing consumer multimedia hardware to key industrial applications. I hope it works well.

RPF(T) sells 50% of its products to industrial applications and has been doing it for many years (millions per year). And your comments on the SoC itself are somewhat "off the standard"

It helps you to tell us which comments about SoCs are a bit "off-the-standard".

I think I agree with everything he said-the main problem with the A-series weapons in industrial services is the uncertain interruption delay. Next comes the pipeline, out-of-order execution, speculative execution, and cache consistency.

When the real pulse to the output pin must arrive absolutely on time to stimulate the heart tissue, so that the heart beats, you should use the cortex-M series core.

Raspberry Pi or anything that runs completely on the kernel should not be trusted by real-time control.

It can monitor the system, handle larger system states, log records, and update when content needs to be changed.

However, the actual controls that deal with real-world interaction should indeed be handled by a processor that has a fixed cycle/instruction (at least for a given instruction), but it should not be executed out of order, speculatively executed, and preferably There is no cache. (Because cache misses can cause delay spikes, leading to uncertain timing.)

I usually prefer to use a smaller microcontroller, but if you need more digital operations, or need to handle a lot of data/bandwidth, Cortex-M may be great. (In this regard, PIC micro is a bit weak.)

Although in some cases, using dedicated logic/hardware for functions is even good, although this has its own problems.

For our application, we can make a "dedicated" device that has a screen readable by direct sunlight, custom button functions, and all other cool features, and is 100% compatible with the RPi that Jane Sixpack can buy. Shelf and program. In this way Jane can use vanilla RPi to play around, and then lock the target device by making a few changes to boot/config.txt.

Which SoCs and boards do you recommend to check? I have been researching some options for NAS and router applications. The main reason why I returned to x86 is that I can use updates like pfSense and Unraid directly without waiting for any device-specific porting like embedded platforms typically. This also means that I can also stay up-to-date after the manufacturer stops updating the hardware.

Although Pi hardware is still not suitable for routers or NAS, the foundation of Pi seems to be moving in this direction, and is moving in this direction. Are there other embedded platforms that are more capable in these roles and allow direct updates without the blessing of the device manufacturer?

Your phone number is incorrect. PCIe 2.0 is 5Gbit/s, and uses the same 8b10b encoding as SATA3, so the speed of SATA at the transmission layer is increased by 20%. But SATA3 has about twice the protocol overhead compared to PCIe, so you will get 550MByte/s and 500MByte/s during sequential file transfer. It only has a 10% advantage in speed, but it lacks hardware flexibility.

My main point is about "ultra-high-speed home NAS". This article is recommended as an effective application for CM4. To be honest, since this device can't even reach the speed of a single SATA3 port, it is far from "ultra-high-speed home NAS". Area, even with NVMe storage...

However, even if there are only PCIe 2.0 channels, individuals will find devices with more PCIe channels more interesting. Because PCIe add-on cards do provide a lot of flexibility.

I think it's fairly fair to call it a fast home NAS. Because compared to Pi4, the speed of most home NAS is really very slow (and if accessed via wifi, it will become a limiting factor anyway). It will never be the fastest NAS-but it has to strike a balance between power consumption and speed, and better control its functions and hardware than off-the-shelf products.

I actually still use Pi1 as my NAS. It is fast enough to handle 3 people who tend to use it (the same Pi also runs some other services at the same time), and it runs well. Its performance is one year less than that of a NAS replaced within a month, but its performance is less than using some old ATX PCs. Although a real PC can also run other services, this may be a very effective option.

I don't think it is the best use for Pi4. But it is a completely effective use. For me, with its relatively powerful processor and memory, and excellent screen options, I can see many embedded uses-driving your AR headset, which is a message that will not compromise the safety of the car Entertainment system.

I sometimes use a normal Pi4 to run virtual machines. It has become the way I have been using it on music/video and test beds. Of course, the workstation will still reduce performance, but Pi4 meets all my light load requirements, while being portable and energy-efficient (I have installed my Thunder in a sturdy smartphone cardboard box, which has a very The big heat sink, (I think it was pulled out from the linear regulator), so I can pull it out completely and close the box completely, and then take it away – it’s more effective than a laptop. On the other hand, My workstation cannot be idle below 100W and has a weight of at least 15KG. This is largely due to all the cooling power required for CPU and GPU...

In most cases, a large number of pi will definitely make the NAS server sufficient.

But I do not agree with the "ultra high performance NAS" in this article, because it contains the words "ultra" and "high performance". If it's just "NAS", it would be a good choice, and even "high-performance NAS" would be reasonable because it does run at 1 Gb/s without major issues. But adding "Ultra" at least made me require at least a 10 Gb/s network connection.

Yes.

Pi constitutes an excellent 24/7 system. Do it yourself to perform various Internet-oriented tasks.

It has good performance, low power consumption, and outstanding performance. But it is clear that the appropriate workstation will not be replaced soon.

I set up a video server with a 32-bit HP thin client and its matching PCIe x4 extension. A 16 GB SATA SSD was found, which can physically hold and maximize its RAM. Insert the eSATA card into the expansion chassis, and insert the external 500 gig drive into the expansion chassis. After installing the 32-bit version of Open Media Vault 5, it consumes only a few watts. If the hard drive uses most of the power while it is spinning, it will not be surprising. I might change it to PCIe NVME adapter, so it will be a whole. I also considered using a second expansion chassis to fix and connect, then switch to a SATA car with internal ports, and put the drive in the second expansion.

For this purpose, all you have to do is provide videos on my LAN via DLNA so that the smart TV can use its built-in software to play them, and it works well.

When can we expect the next zero?

Eben's usual answer to this question is "when they find a reasonably priced SoC, they can have a larger PoP memory die"

Never forget that you are the rear seat driver on Rpi. Real OS runs in the graphics core.

> Real OS runs in the graphics core.

Can you explain further? I don't know much about this matter.

VideoCore starts the system and has full access to RAM and peripherals. The ARM core is secondary.

The binary blob for nice graphics is not Broadcom's open source code.

Rubbish. For the form factor, a-What is the significance of CM4 that does not disclose all the feature sets? This cannot be done without changing the connector.

Oh yes, Real (time) operating system can also run on the wi-fi board;-)

Yes, firmware is running on the VPU, but it does less than before. Most of the content has moved to the ARM side (3d, hevc, hdmi, dsi, etc.). The closed firmware is mainly just the older codec and thermal adjustment of the camera, which is actually the boot process before the ARM is powered on.

Therefore, it seems that the USB 2.0 port on the demo board is provided through a single USB 2.0 OTG port connected to the USB-C connector on the current Pi 4 board. This means you can choose between USB 2 devices or USB 2 hosts and USB 3 hosts or PCIe.

A bit disappointing!

Well, this is the SoC problem.

If you want more PCIe or PCIe connected peripherals, please wait for someone to make a carrier board with PCIe switches. You can connect PCIe x1 to many x1 switches, which is ideal. Of course, you have the bottleneck of Pi, but you are of no avail.

Maybe the next Pi SoC will have PCIe 3 x1 ports, or even x2. But this may be next year at the earliest.

At least this board is very thin. It can make some bulky Pi laptops slimmer.

It would be a nightmare to manually solder these two connectors and keep them within tolerance so that they are completely aligned with the computing module!

I think there is already a lot of manual welding here. You really want to use only the right footprints and let the reflow surface tension self-alignment work its magic.

Depends on how desperate you are... I 3d printed a _smaller_ connector alignment bracket, which is better than the previous alignment, _sort of_ works...

Can it be!

you should? It must not work! But I am desperate.

They are completely free floating. This means that the problem now is to place the connector and move it to the return area. Yes, you can try a heat gun, but use soft plastic like this...

It was frustrating, they did not choose a connector with a positioning pin. It's frustrating.

Order a plank for 25 euros and use it as an adjustment tool.

Use dremel to get close to the connector in certain areas and fix the hand-soldered part of the connector to the board.

Remove the board and solder the remaining connectors. In the first step, you do not need to deal with network bridges, please solve them in step 2.

I think it is not difficult to solder and align with microscope connectors.

We weld one side, install the module with the other connector, and then weld it down. Work treat

Super glue...

Put the connector in the module, put a small amount of super glue on the bottom of the connector, put it on the board, and remove the CM. The connector is in the ideal position and you can solder it in place.

Might work. However, those things are already tight. I have to grasp the handle of the plastic scalpel and wedge it under to pull it out.

I personally worry about the super glue remaining on the needle when squeezing out.

Not to mention the connectors tend to hold together firmly.

However, there is actually no need to fix the connector.

If you have a laser cutting machine on hand, you can cut out the clamp that fixes the end of the connector at any time. (The outermost pins may be blocked.) This way, the middle pins on both sides can be soldered correctly before removing the clamp and soldering the rest.

Although someone will be asked to trim a decent laser cutter, but to be fair, it is not difficult. One can also use a milling machine, a 3D printer, or even a stable hand and some time.

As far as alignment is concerned, a well-made fixture can solve most manufacturing problems.

Weld these for a walk in the park. Many of these connectors have alignment pins that push into the PCB.

However, unfortunately, these did not.

They have a wide self-alignment range (0.33 m). The nightmare is spreading. The pin itself has a horizontal play of +/- 0.08 mm, so this is not a problem. *Vertical* is more of an issue (there is a 0.4mm gap), but *this* is not bad.

Wow 0.3m, great! You can place the board near the breach:)

Hirose DF40 uses the same connector series as Intel Edison, which is despised by many people.

I have already hand soldered these exact connectors before, and this is not the most interesting thing I have ever done. I think their spacing is 0.3mm. Yes, you will need a fixture for alignment, they will not tolerate it.

It now appears that the design of a small, inexpensive (-ish) Raspberry laptop with a 13-inch Thinkpad keyboard, 20-hour battery life, Gigabit LAN and NVMe SSD is very attractive! Boy, I love these times, we live in :)

NVMe is meaningless when you only have 1 PCIe 2.0 and you might want to use it for the missing USB3.0 port.

Linux certainly supports PCIe switches. Therefore, a simple x1 to 4 x1 switch will provide you with additional PCIe channels, and you can hang up USB 3 and NVMe. Of course, you are sharing the bandwidth of a value pipeline, but hey, we have been using USB 2.0 for a long time!

Yes why?

My desktop computer has every external device suspended on a single USB 2.0 hub. Keyboard, mouse, Bluetooth headset, USB audio mixer, MIDI controller, *webcam*...no problem.

On a hypothetical CM laptop-both cameras are on the CSI bus, the keyboard and touchpad can easily be GPIO or even serial, Wifi and Bluetooth are on SPI/UART, Ethernet has a dedicated bus, and audio can be Via SPI or just disconnect the HDMI video and LCD video from the HDMI port...

I don't know why I need to use USB 3 on this device so urgently. Oops, I can survive without USB at all.

Even, I even forgot the USB-C power supply-just charge it via PoE to start.

The new shape broke the hope of TuringPi's CM4 version. I am disappointed. :(

Maybe this announcement will make you less disappointed

"Want to know how we can do this with the new form factor? We will announce Turing Pi V2 soon. Yes, V2 will be available soon. Stay tuned!"

Please see the full announcement at

.

its

Do not

Thanks, fixed!

WTF, Pi Foundation: According to the data sheet, is the operating temperature range "worse"? 0 to 85? Are you lying to me

Shout out, the normal -40 to +85 computing module using PCIe is very useful. why? ?

Why -40 degrees Fahrenheit?

Because what we live on a planet is usually below 32F?

Conveniently -40f is also -40c

In any case, these apps can be used in the cold winter for some reasons:

Data logging or automation/control of industrial machinery

Any car

Agricultural monitoring/control (in the United States, pigs/pigs are grown indoors all year round, but if the heater is dropped or stored in an area not under climate control, you may need some equipment that can work)

I'm sure there is more.

For clarity, the operating temperature of CM4 is 0 to +85. For me, 0 to +85C means "indoor only". I don’t think there is anywhere in the United States that is relatively *part* relatively cooler than outdoor temperatures below 0 C (although obviously in Hawaii, no one* lives in these areas).

Outdoor application

Industrial cold storage applications

If you need a product with an industrial temperature rating, please purchase one. Does anyone remember the reason for creating Pi? It aims to provide students with the cheapest possible learning costs. It was never for speed.

Indeed, students study on the Pi platform and are then hired as the lowest-income people in the industry and assigned to design a one-time or low-volume solution...you bet they are using Pi :) Sometimes, they will try to use CM, Damn low-cost students... or more realistically, they mentioned the price of pi and the executives were sold! – You should see a large number of Arduinos that have been used to replace Siemens PLC systems on my local port:

I can’t wait to meet all the students who will learn to solder 0.3mm pitch connectors so that they can run Scratch on their Pi4 computing module.

Forget about the "for educational purposes", for many years it has become obvious that this is no longer the main focus.

Well, I do, that's why I didn't frustrate these. I can’t tell you how many people want to throw the Raspberry Pi on things because that’s what every damn project uses, and then wonder why I use a "niche" thing like BeagleBone Black because it actually Meet the specifications.

If you really need this level of cooling, and the Pi does not self-heat in its working window, you can add a heater at any time. It is different from the unusual feature that electronic devices working in harsh environments have their own climate control enclosures. (Pi4 will emit quite a lot of heat from that small mold, I hope this will be exactly the same, so keeping it in the operating window might just be putting it in a properly insulated box)

We are looking for these figures-the data sheet will be updated in due course.

This is wonderful! When I saw that there was no eMMC option and the rating of LPDDR4 dropped to -40, I felt very hopeful. I am very satisfied with the -40 level solution without eMMC, which is understandable and easy to solve.

"In short, CM4 is all the features of Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, but it uses a more flexible and consumer-friendly packaging."

Hmm... not right. Unlike all products in other RPI product series, the CMx module has an extended temperature range. Most RPI users even forget/don't know this, but they still leave them in hot and cold environments. When you do, they will fail.

If this is correct for CM4, that's fine, but please check the data sheet. You will increase in the high-end temperature (15C), but the low-end temperature will remain the same. Regrettably, the older CM is only slightly below 0 (or -20 to +85 if there is memory), and it is annoying that these two components may *will* exceed their temperature range (eMMC / LPDDR2), the internal behavior has temperature compensation.

"Without even knowing this, they still throw them in hot and cold environments. When you do, they will fail."

The really annoying situation is when people throw "but...but...I threw my Raspberry Pi into liquid nitrogen, which is good!" Of course. It may be a while. There is a difference between operating *one thing* in a short time and wanting to operate it *several hundred* for a long time.

The base board that connects PCIe to a four-gigabit network card will be a good router. The computing power and large amounts of RAM required to run a VPN are used to implement VMs/containers for complex network settings that usually require multiple routers.

Yes, when I read this article, I had exactly the same idea.

Indeed, I really like this idea... Now I need another Pi and a reflow soldering option.

Heck is powerful enough to possibly run a video chat server while still performing all operations. In the current situation of lock-in type, which one may be the real winner (if you are against all big data type legions, then at least you must have your own system).

Or just get a $5 adapter card and a PCIe four-way Ethernet adapter from eBay?

Exactly what I think. Over the years, many people have put forward the idea of ​​a RasPi router, which always makes me cringe, because the hardware is really inappropriate, and the USB bus is filled with Ethernet. With Pi 4, we finally have the proper Ethernet, and now with this module, it is possible to achieve really good router settings.

What's really exciting to me is that Pi 4 can push Wireguard encryption at full gigabit wire speed thanks to the NEON SIMD instruction in Cortex A72.

How critical is the stacking here to impedance matching on PCI-E.

I suspect that in some cases this may be an obstacle to making my own boards here, because I haven't seen too many "lower cost" prototype board room options that provide controlled impedance. Maybe they did it, but I don’t seem to work hard enough. :)

Cheap circuit boards do have impedance options available. If I remember correctly, ordering the controlled impedance products provided by JLCPCB with a 4-layer circuit board will not even add any additional cost.

I think I didn’t seem to work hard enough. :) To be honest, the fastest thing I usually do is USB 2.0, so that I don't have to worry too much about the prototype.

The biggest problem with controlled impedance is if you make an internal pair on the edge (or worse, wide) coupled stripline. Then, the signal propagates completely in the dielectric, and then obviously the impedance depends entirely on the dielectric.

If the edge-coupled microstrip is firmly coupled (smaller line-to-pair distance), its dielectric sensitivity will be much lower. And, if you really want to be lazy, use a 2D field solver (such as MMTL) and use a coupled coplanar waveguide to clear the plane under the pair until you reach the bottom layer. This solution has lower dielectric and stack sensitivity because the signal is tightly contained in a single layer.

Not sure if the copper on all the layers below can be removed frequently, but I think it is an interesting tool included in the toolbox. :)

Usually, I have been able to get rid of edge coupling and pretend that there is nothing under it. Everything seems to be normal... but I must admit that I did not check anything on the VNA.

What I want to write is that I haven't done a high speed like PCI-E before, but a quick search shows that it is only 100Mhz...I don't know why I think it will be higher than this.

"Not sure if I can often remove copper on all layers below, but I guess it is an interesting tool in the toolbox. :)"

Investigate it. For example, these are techniques that people use to manage excess capacitance due to pad size at extremely high speeds. see

, Page 30. Even simple things (such as invalidating the plane under the pad, but the size of the pad is the same), will reduce the parasitic capacitance to ~0.1 pF.

In fact, its frequency of appearance is much lower than you expected! If you use only one edge-mounted RF connector and blindly use the layout they provide on a multilayer board (for example, even at about 100 MHz), you will lose about 10% of the signal. This is because their size is "given*" you intend to use on a *2-layer board*, and the capacitance of the pad with the ground layer underneath is "high"*.

Therefore, you need to clear the plane under the connector to effectively *make* a two-layer board in this area.

"What I want to write is that I haven't done as high speed as PCI-E before, but a quick search shows that it is only 100Mhz"

No no no! That is the reference clock. The actual signal itself is in the GHz range.

Something interesting, thanks! Will definitely remember this. I guess that as long as you remove at least one copper layer below, you can get the distance between a core + a prepreg and the next conductor on the 4-layer board.

I am a little dismissive of PCI-E data line speed. I mean, if you can make a whole bunch of peripherals much faster than USB on a PCI-E card, then the data rate must of course be much higher than USB.

This is very feasible on a 4-layer stack. On standard (eg Elecrow or Seeed) FR4, the typical distance between .062 inches (1.6 mm) and the internal ground plane is ~6 mm. Using 6mil pitch and 6mil pitch wires can get 100 ohm +/- 10% differential impedance. finished! Just remember, if you step across power planes, use a coupling capo between power planes.

"This is very feasible in a 4-layer stack. On standard (e.g. Elecrow or Seeed) FR4, the typical spacing of .062 inches (1.6 mm) to the internal ground plane is ~6 mm."

This is just a coupled microstrip, not an edge-coupled CPWG. I also usually recommend tightening the spacing between conductors to the minimum allowable range (for example, 4 mil), because it will tighten the electric field to spread in the dielectric as little as possible.

"Done! Just remember, if you cross the power planes, use a coupling capo between the power planes."

Why in the world run a differential pair on the ground plane? You can get the proper impedance at a distance of ~mil. The decoupling capacitors may also be several miles apart-the return current needs to jump to the top, cross and move down. I have seen this advice elsewhere and have simulated it, but it is not very good. You'd better provide a good return path on the power plane and leave the layer near the power plane as soon as possible, which is better.

If you *must* run one next to the power plane, you only need to place a ground plane next to the differential pair. The power plane is not necessarily "all" power. Just make sure that you provide the return through hole for the return current (if the pair changes the layer) (obviously it is sewn near the end)

It is true, but what about safe/trusted startup?

In order to be widely adopted in commercial applications, a certain degree of trust is necessary. Are there any signs that Broadcom will work with Pi Foundation to achieve this goal?

Pi was never designed for this. I will never use it in a production environment.

Pi is not, but the Pi arithmetic module is at least touted for it. From the Pi base site:

"More than half of the 7 million Raspberry Pi devices we sell each year are used in industrial and commercial applications, from digital signage to thin clients to process automation. Many of these applications use the familiar single-board Raspberry Pi, but For users who want more compact or custom size or on-board eMMC storage, computing module products provide a way to transition from a Raspberry Pi-based prototype to a simpler mass production."

All the examples they provide have a trust/safety factor. They came up with a way to enable OEMs to use Broadcom security features, which seems reasonable.

Here, I want to know if we can build a custom driving recorder or a better Cam (ala hikvision) based on this. Given that I'm tired of selling the function and form factor...Jellybean a Poe, I found a good camera module...

Dude! -

Well, that's too fast...

"According to the data sheet, the requirements for the length of the cross-wire pair are not so strict, but the length between the two wires in the differential pair must match. Since CERN added KiCAD in 2015, it has begun to carry out differential pairs, and it is strongly recommended to use The Saturn PCB toolkit calculates the trace width for impedance control, but only for Windows.

Why recommend a canned solution solver? These guys only solve "known analytical solutions" cases, and there are countless cases. For example, Qucs comes with one, and there are billions of them on the Web. Or you can know if you need to *find* the solution.

At this time, there are many "arbitrary geometry" solvers. For example, ATLC (or MDTLC of GUI) or MMTL. For a while, Ansoft provided a free 2D field solver (Maxwell 2D), and I can still get a copy of it.

The advantage of the 2D solver is that you can figure out, for example, what is the effect of placing a shield with a through-hole fence at a certain distance for crosstalk isolation. Obviously, you can place it "away", but sometimes it needs to be closed due to spacing. You can also figure out the effect of cleaning the plane below.

I don't understand the point of this "compute module" board, because it seems that most people need to buy an I/O expander. Anyone who is proficient enough can make their own boards for this, it seems they are only a few steps away from making CPU boards.

But at least it’s old. I can imagine that someone might use a base plate to fit a dozen boards in a relatively compact enclosure... It might be more compact than a dozen processors on a board, because the CM is connected to the back The board is at right angles. But this design makes this impossible, so I don't understand at all.

Does anyone want to use this product without buying an I/O expansion board? What are the advantages compared to just releasing various conventional pi with different I/O?

"Anyone who is mature enough can make their own boards for this. It seems that they are only a few steps away from making CPU boards."

The number of layers and assembly costs. Trying to fill everything on the CM board may require at least an 8-layer board, which may be quite high quality, and then it is also assembled in 2 layers with tiny components.

The I/O expansion board is a joke. It's easy to push everything to one level, up to four levels. Even at the prototyping level, you can obtain the dust after assembly cheaply in this way. *Special** if the assembly shop starts to add the connector.

Well, don’t think it’s so closed. I and other people I know use computing modules to drive many different hardware. This is a big benefit. We can focus on our hardware and software without maintaining the entire Linux and OS. Floor. Similarly, a large number of working software is also a major factor for SMEs.

For example, we use more pins than ordinary PI or different USB hubs.

To be honest, I think the CM4 and Arduino Pro series are seeking to undertake more industrial applications. For RPi, entering a more professional circle seems to be an indispensable step-there are many people making aircraft carriers or aircraft carrier tools

The biggest advantage of this method for us to master the hidden skills of SOC is that it will not spend a lot of funds from the Pi Foundation to support it, and it will not verify all these boards with different I/O functions. But from the user's point of view, it is also very good-the power stamps are small and easy to integrate into designs of almost any shape and size. If you remove the Pi with camera channel and display channel at the same time, then people will feel that HDMI is lost, or it is not on the same side as USB.

They have completed the most difficult part of getting the system to work properly-the entire work of the computer has been done for you. All the end user needs to do is to make a breakout board for the interface they actually need-although the high-speed bus on the Pi will make it a bit more difficult compared to the old version of the Pi, it is still more trivial.

>The first category includes PCIe and USB, and in pairing, they need to be matched to a minimum of 0.15 mm. For PCIe, it is recommended to match to 0.1 mm.

The data sheet says:

> 2.4. USB 2.0 (High Speed)

The USB 2.0 interface supports signal transmission up to 480MBps. Differential correspondence is wired as a 90Ω differential pair.

PN signal should match 0.15mm ideally

The USB 2.0 specification specifically requires a maximum time lag of 100ps. Remember only 480Mbps. We are not talking about 10Gbps.

>Increase: On a real PCB, the speed of signal propagation is slower than the speed of light. For a stripline (inner layer), the speed of light in vacuum can be divided by the square root of the relative permittivity (e_r). About half the speed. This means that 100ps is more like 15mm. For the outer layer, the speed is slightly higher (about 10%).

It's like sliding 2 decimal places. The difference between 15 mm (actual need) and 0.15 mm is 2 orders of magnitude. : P

Hello, no one can open Kicad files? I tried to open it with the latest version (5.1.7) on Windows and Mac, but the same error message appeared: "KiCad cannot open this fil because it was created with a higher version than the running version.

To open it, you need to upgrade KiCad to the latest version.

Required KiCad version date (or newer version): August 29, 2020".

Yes, I do have the same problem, so it’s not just you...

You will need to open these files with the nightly version of KiCad.

As far as I know, the module does not follow any standard SOM interface standards.

E.g:

Or the older Qseven style

Why link or even not map 1-n interface standards? Like PI, there are more CSI/DSI channels than the supported range.

TBH is not as bad as yours

The support for IEEE 1588 in PHY is good, but I can't see any datasheets for this part or similar parts. Linux also does not have 1588 support for this PHY.

I see that the SYNC_IN and SYNC_OUT pins sound interesting, but there is no information on them. Can they be used to receive GPS PPS to synchronize the PHY clock?

I haven’t seen this special connector style for a long time, and that’s for good reason... The last time I saw it (around 2001?), this was the laptop I saw it. The root cause of a large number of reliability problems in

What do you mean by connector style? Because of the settings these people seem to have, there are connector elements on the side/center, so it can be used in various ways for mobile phones and industrial power tools.

If they are built the way they should be, they are basically not affected by vibration/shock and thermal fretting. I have tested this derivative product myself and got excellent results.

The four screws should be able to fix the CM well. It will not hang on the connector alone.

It's amazing. This template PCB sounds a lot like helping you lay out high-speed traces and connect to high-speed connectors.

This should be a very useful learning experience with good reference value. superior!

Does anyone know anything about Gumstix? ? ? It looks like you can build an aircraft carrier for CM4 here? (Gumstix.com/special-offer)

I still can't believe that Gumstix still exists. They are Raspberry Pi in 2002, except for ARMv5 of 200mhz, each board is 400 dollars, and there is no operator.

good question! I am also interested in this offer. However, at their "normal" prices, I am not sure if it is cheap to reduce the use of the original Pi IO board design in KiCad and try JLCPCB luck.

Makeup like me can add my shape.

Using the USB3 to SATA adapter on my Pi4B 8GB, and the Samsung 860 EVO 500GB solid state drive, I get a write speed of 390-395 MB/sec and a similar read speed... So why do all PCIe NVMe drives do the same Thing, but need additional circuitry etc.?

In fact, on the carrier board using the computing module, there are fewer circuits to directly connect the PCI Express to the NVMe module. On single board computers, they have a PCIe to USB3 controller, so USB3 makes the most sense.

Does anyone know when it will actually be sold?

Pimoroni is one of the officially recognized resellers. He said "November", but there is nothing more specific than that.

I just ordered two from Canakit and they said it will be shipped on November 9.

Thank you all, thank you very much.

Yes, I ordered mine on the same day. It was originally scheduled to ship on November 30. I just checked it, and it says "Pending" on the order. Status information sent via email, but has not yet responded.

Every few years we get a new form factor. What we really want is an S-100 BUS slot or a bunch of PC/104 cages. And due to changes in form factors, there is little cross-supplier support, and our trash cans are full of old products that cannot be inserted into anything.

exactly!

This makes me want to throw a simple pcb design with only gpio, hdmi, ethernet, sd card slot and single usb, plus a 24 to 5v converter, see if it works, it may fail, and try again Until I make it work

Hope this helps:)

> On MXL7704

Will it be "MXL7704-P4"? Customized, unavailable proprietary version?

Is this article copied from here (

) Or vice versa?

Wow! Thanks for that. We must send them a lot of lawyers.

But yes. I wrote it. You can see the neutral background of my trademark recycled paper in the image.

Has he ever answered? A neutral ";P" note was written on "His" article. Let's see if he activated it...XD

Does anyone know if there is a composite video? I can't see it in the pdf instructions, but they also did not clearly show the composite output on the previous board.

Yes it looks like 111 stitches.

"Breaking tradition is painful, and we know that some of you will fill up SO-DIMM slots in your closets, but there are good reasons."

"It is impossible to pack PCIe with dual HDMI and other high-speed peripherals into the old SO-DIMM connector"

Well, this seems to be a good reason to replace with DDR4 SO-DIMM interface, but this mezzanine is a nightmare. Yes, DDR4 SO-DIMM is sufficient for HDMI and PCIe.

Yes, I should tell NVidia that sodimm cannot be used for HDMI and PCIe like on jetson nano...

Sodimm is just a style, not a manifestation of ability. Nvidia Jetson uses MXM connectors designed from the ground up to provide appropriate impedance parameters for high-speed graphics. It is very common to use them for PCI Express or other high-speed serial interfaces. I had hoped that the Raspberry Pi Foundation could use MXM connectors or 240-pin DDR3 sodimm, but this is not the case.

Last year, I spent a lot of time designing products based on computing modules (CM3+), among which "upgradability" is one of the main selling points. I will release it for about a month. The appearance change is a bit disappointing for me...

I feel your pain! I have two custom boards made by people, but I have warned them before that if they add USB 3 or PCIe to the next module, 200-pin sodimm will not be possible to fly. I hope they can use 240-pin DDR3 sodimm, which definitely has the necessary bandwidth. But no one asked me!

Commercial adapter available

Therefore, I started to adapt my design to CM4, only to realize that they gave up the extra GPIO that CM3 had! I need these! GAAAAH! No...I am absolutely sure how to make my product work....

I didn't notice it in the article before starting to change the schematic, but the new design has 200 pins, just like the old one. Therefore, it is not a lack of nails that brings about change.

"I found this gem of a pull-up resistor on the SD card power switch." But there is no! The PCB is completed through an automated mounting process, but the SMD resistors are soldered by hand. This means that this is a solution. Someone messed up the PCB schematic but forgot to add resistance, so they were forced to handle all messed up circuit boards manually and add resistance manually.

This "jewel" will disappear in the next edition of the board.

"Found this gem" .. pfffffh....

I am going to update my custom CM3 carrier to CM4. Does anyone know what mezzanine connector this is? I have browsed the data sheet but cannot find any detailed information. I thought I would organize an Eagle file, but I'm not sure which part to add.

The article says that it is Hirose DF40C-100DS-0.4V

Some people say it may be like this: Hirose DF40C-100DS-0.4V

There is already a CM4-CM3 adapter (for a fee). However, you may also be interested in the online geppetto design application, which allows you to design/modify custom CMx carrier boards. They also help you manufacture/sell your products.

Hope this helps people make the CM4 ball rolling if they really start shipping modules. I have been looking for a module (less) Gumstix CM4 NVMe carrier board for more than a month, and wonder when/if CM4 will arrive from Canakit.

I really want to get Fritzing parts for the 100-pin connector. Does anyone know of ready-made parts that can be downloaded? I have a 3D model and Solidworks, but I don't know how to make Fritzing parts from it.

It doesn't matter, I have completed 75% of the customization part. We will check whether it is valid and whether Aisler can process the generated files. I know that Fritzing is dismissive of some people, but this is all I know in this field. I installed Eagle, but I haven't lost my way yet.

Please be kind and respectful to help make the comment section great. (

)

The site uses Akismet to reduce spam.

By using our website and services, you expressly agree to our placement of performance, functionality and advertising cookies.

The latest report is titled

It introduces the history and current situation of the global market in detail, and provides analysis and global market estimation based on competence. The report provides a comprehensive survey of geographic environment, industry size, and business revenue estimates. The report sheds light on current and expected growth patterns. The report subdivides the market into various market segments, regions and participants based on demand patterns and growth prospects. Business owners who want to expand their business can refer to this report, which contains data on sales growth in a given consumer group during the forecast period from 2020 to 2026.

The report studies the market size, recent trends, investment opportunities and market dynamics (such as drivers, constraints), and important business activities (such as mergers, acquisitions and investments). The market report provides detailed and concise assessments and forecasts of structured future market growth rates. Based on various parameters, including product or service quality, applications and methods, different parts of the global SMD thin film resistor market are evaluated. In this report, readers will learn about the strategies used by market participants, which may change the direction of the industry.

Our analysts monitored the global situation and explained that the market will bring substantial returns to producers after the COVID-19 crisis. The report aims to further explain the latest situation, the economic slowdown and the impact of COVID-19 on the entire industry.

The original suppliers included in the market are:

The report breaks down the global market by type:

According to the application, the global market can be divided into the following categories:

The report includes the presence of the region and the regional importance of the market. The report identified various major manufacturers in the market. The report analyzes regional revenue and volume during the forecast period from 2015 to 2026. This information will help readers understand the potential investment value of a particular area. The report claims to divide the global SMD thin film resistor market by region into:

The report analyzes customers, distributors, sales channels and the value chain of the global market. The report also highlights the areas where huge growth can be achieved from 2020 to 2026. Shows historical revenue and transaction volume as well as the key areas covered in the global SMD thin film resistor market report. The report further emphasized the raw material procurement strategy.

The report can be customized to meet customer requirements. Please contact our sales team (

), who will ensure you get the report that suits your needs. You can also call + 1-201-465-4211 to contact our supervisor to share your research requirements.

Marketsandresearch.biz is the world's leading market research organization, providing expert research solutions, trusted by the best customers. We understand the importance of understanding the items purchased and purchased by consumers around the world and further use them to document our outstanding research reports. Marketsandresearch.biz spreads all over the world, can use the latest methodology, first-class research technology and cost-effective measures to provide the world's leading research professionals and institutions with real market intelligence. We researched consumers in more than 100 countries to provide you with the most complete view of global trends and habits. Marketsandresearch.biz is a leading provider of full-service research, global project management, market research operations and online panel services.

Mark Stone

Head of Business Development

+ 1-201-465-4211

The first thing to learn in electronics is how to recognize the value of a resistor. Through-hole resistors have color codes and are usually where beginners start. But why mark them like this? Just like the red stop sign and yellow line are in the middle of the road, it actually seems to have always been this way.

Before the 1920s, manufacturers marked parts in any old way, just as manufacturers liked to mark them. Then in 1924, 50 radio manufacturers in Chicago formed a trading group. The idea is to share patents among members. The name changed almost immediately from "Associated Radio Manufacturers" to "Radio Manufacturers Association" or RMA. In the past few years, there will be more name changes, until it eventually becomes EIA or Electronic Industry Alliance. EIA actually no longer exists. It exploded into several specific parts, but this is another story.

This is a story about how the ribbon enters every through-hole resistor from every manufacturer in the world.

By the late 1920s, RMA developed standards, one of which was the RMA standard for color coding. The problem is that marking small parts is difficult, especially in the 1920s.

The solution is ribbon, but it is not as we know it today. The color standard is the same, but the main body of the resistor is the first frequency band. Then there will be another two or three bands showing the remaining values. In some cases, the third band is actually a point. Therefore, most of the resistors will be the first ribbon. The "tip" of the resistance will be the second frequency band, and the dot will be the multiplier. Radios using this scheme began to appear in 1930. This is the color code table in the 1941 Radio Today Yearbook:

Be careful with the advertisements in the magazine promoting resistors, they are RMA color coded. The code quickly expanded to capacitors (capacitors in modern terms).

Depending on the position of the resistor, this point may be hidden like the printed text on the cylinder. So in the end, everyone turned to the band.

The color should follow the visible spectrum (remember ROY G BIV?). However, RMA omits indigo because it is obvious that many people do not distinguish blue, indigo and purple into three different colors;

, Obviously. There are four slots left, so dark color represents the low end (black and brown) and bright color represents the high end (grey and white).

Of course, if you are color-blind, none of this is funny. Reading a resistor with a meter or bridge from the circuit is undoubtedly an answer. However, reading one in the circuit is another matter.

In 1952, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, another standards organization) defined the E series, which specified the value of resistance input so that the spacing on the logarithmic scale of the resistance was equal. If this sounds confusing, consider an example.

The E12 series is suitable for 10% resistors, and its value provides you with 12 values ​​every ten years. Basic value

This is why you can get a 4.7 K or 47 K resistor instead of a 40 K resistor.

However, please consider the tolerance. A 10% 39K resistor may disconnect 3.9K. If the error pushes the resistance higher, it is 42.9 K, so the 40 K resistor is not needed. In other words, in any case, a 39 K resistor is likely to be a 40 K resistor. On the other hand, the low 47K resistance may be 42.3 K, which is less than the high value of 39 K units.

As you might expect, when the tolerance decreases, the number of values ​​increases. For example, in the case of 2%, you will use E48, which has 48 values ​​per decade (if you guessed E96, the 1% standard uses 96 values, and you are correct). Using E48, the values ​​close to 40 K are 38.3 K and 40.2K. It is 39.06 on the high end and 39.2 on the low end.

Next time you pick up a resistor and read the code from it, you can review the history behind it. The remnants of the ribbon will continue to the surface mount area, not as a color, but as a multiplier representing the three-digit number of the first two numbers and the resistance value. Nowadays, many electronic devices (such as wireless modules and lithium batteries) contain a data matrix (similar to a QR code). To be honest, it surprised me that there is no microdata matrix of some kind on all components (through hole and surface mount) that allows you to point your phone at them and view their complete data sheet. Maybe one day.

Wow, the body color + belt + dot is a real improvement to the current beige plus color, it can be any scheme.

It always seems ridiculous that we label them, so, given that 10% of the male population is frankly color blind (red-green), more people have subtle shifts or simple color discrimination. Isn’t electronics the territory of mankind?

Then, I realized that in fact this kind of work has quickly become female dominance (and as far as I know, this kind of work continues to exist in the sweatshops of the Far East). – I may actually view these statistics. Women are far better than men in this subtle detail-oriented technique, and genetically speaking, they are more likely to suffer from color blindness and have to be more careful.

I will put my hands here. I use a cheap DMM to test the resistance and write it into the resistance bar. I know the color and how the marking should work, but frankly, whether it is black, brown or green (especially the cheap small resistors I ended up buying) is hard to be sure.

I also suffer from color blindness. The biggest trouble is between brown and red. I have to check with an electric meter every time. However, I found that if I take a picture with a digital camera and zoom in, I can distinguish the colors. Maybe my camera (unintentionally) changed the color, or maybe it's because of a larger sample?

I think it is difficult for everyone to find brown and red on old parts. Similarly, white can become yellow, yellow is pale enough, you want to know if it is dull white, and blue and purple can fade so much, you want to know if they are gray.

This one. There is no consistency between manufacturers, and if there is a value issue (making the color code meaningless), I usually find it easier to just use DMM. About time it gets updated. One person’s brown may be another’s orange, and so on. Hopefully, the next step will be to interpret haha's clear transistor labels without the need for an electron microscope.

^ THAT ^ and the color change that occurs when the resistor is overheated!

B ^)

If the resistor overheats, its value will also change. It is best to take the correct value from the schematic (if possible).

Ah, that 0 ohm 0% resistor.

When repairing the power supply, I found that many power supplies have accidentally installed 110 ohm 1% resistors.

You don't need expensive 0R 1% resistors, you can use cheap 0R 20% types :-)

I think that it is more common than color blindness that many cheap and efficient light bulbs produce poor color rendering. Normally, orange and red will look brown. In some cases, it is difficult for me to distinguish purple from blue or black.

Sorry, I forgot to include "Many people don't distinguish between blue, indigo and purple".

The shocking answer to this is that this defect is clearly psychological to a large extent (especially because of the transparency of the lens, people have subtle color cast defects).

But just as the painter or the people you spend all day around the swatches seem to have the superpower of color discrimination, so do the people whose language is clearly distinguished in color by name.

Native Russian speakers are faster than English speakers in distinguishing light blue from dark blue (goluboy or goluboy in Russian).

[reference

with

It is precisely because the words in Russian are so different (tested by people who learn and speak Russian, better than people who have never learned Russian). Wow.

There is no indigo in the Russian rainbow. Instead, it is "light blue, blue, purple".

This seems a bit strange, because I would say that cyan precedes blue, and it is not "light" but green.

Well, cyan ("blue") is somewhere between green and blue ("indigo"). Before entering the computer, I have never heard the word Cyan, here is "turquoise", Americans call it "teal". Therefore, it is no wonder that it is not widely used. Yes, it is green, but I think if you shift the sample further to blue, it will look less green and more light blue. In any case, this is a language problem. Obviously, it is difficult for Eskimos to distinguish certain colors visually because there is no word in their language. It's really not surprising, I bet they have a lot to say about "white people".

The language/visual connection is real. Without a word, you usually don't distinguish colors well. According to Stephen Frye (QI) about QI, the ancient Greeks did not have the word "blue", for them the sky was "bronze". However, whether it is true or false, it is a QI fact of about 50:50. Generally speaking, the same applies to most things that technologist Stephen Fry said.

"Cyan" has been used in photography for more than 50 years and is part of the subtractive color triplet "cyan, yellow, magenta".

In printing, it may also be the most famous. Including consumer printers. However, most people are still not printers or professional photographers. In addition to making their own color film, do photographers need to use these colors in large quantities? Photography uses the RGB color model, which is the output of modern camera sensors. Even internally, they use more innovative colors in the color filters.

A young man named John Savard / Quadibloc owns the most interesting personal website of mental bric-a-brac. He is a very smart person. He has a page about filters used by the camera, not just Bayer, but also his own suggestions. You can use other colors to let more light through, then mathematically find the color of the pixel from each of the three sensors, and perform some addition and subtraction operations. Letting more light in almost always means higher quality and accuracy. Of course, the exposure time can be made shorter and the noise is also less.

Blue-green is blue-green, and blue-green is blue-green.

Only color-blind Americans call cyan blue-green "blue-green", because ordinary people only regard blue-green or "blue" or "green" as a category, so they don't have to worry about being so specific between similar colors.

Teal is not common among artists outside the United States, but any American who can see colors knows cyan and cyan. But they still call it "blue" or "green" most of the time.

Blue-green is only a greener one than cyan. When I set the grayscale on a color TV, I will start by establishing cyan. There is a sweet spot in the middle between blue and green. Once the requirements are met, red will be brought up to create white.

Too much, it looks brown, although some people do like to turn red, if the audience who raises the color control on their scene has the right to vote. I personally prefer "flattering" answers to borrow Hi-Fi terminology.

Why is it cyan? If I guessed it, it seems to me a quirk. But this is something you don't mind watching, because the most difficult part of the TV image, the skin tones of various people and the woods (tables, walls, cabinets) all look like they should be. If I can take advantage of this quirk, my customers will be happy. Yes, I do have a photography background.

However, as I grow older, I am now facing presbyopia. This will affect my ability to look at work. If I want to see the tiny details, I prefer the +3.25 card reader. What a pity, because I was able to solder SMD ICs with my naked eyes. Not so much anymore. At least night vision and color sensitivity.

Fun fact-In Welsh, the same word is used to denote the color of grass and sky.

The ancient Greeks called the sky "bronze"

Is it just me, or do other people have problems when distinguishing the color code that the resistor body is some strange brown or green color? But also noticed that compared with male colleagues, female technicians and engineers have less trouble distinguishing colors.

With SMT things, this has become meaningless.

I think this part is related to color blindness, which is more common among men. And it is more common in the red and green parts of the spectrum (brown has a lot of red).

From my experience, it seems that women see more colors than men because I have been tested for color blindness and it is normal, but it is difficult for me to distinguish shades of pink. The color is usually called salmon, peach, pulp...

There are many good things for color vision on the second X chromosome. I am color blind and I absolutely despise the old color coded long resistors. the worst. Can't we stop doing this and just print small text on them as we do with all other types of components now?

I assembled a small object, which includes a disposable multimeter and two Y-shaped brackets made of wires. I can put a resistor into it and read its value quickly. Of course, it has no effect on reading the value of a resistor that is already part of the circuit. I mean, one in ten men is color-blind, and even more people have difficulty coloring even without a generalized disease-how did this marking scheme pass? Or at least why does it still pass? This is not the seventies anymore, we can print out detailed details on these things.

They also chose the absolute worst color for the beige background and the most used bands. They are really addicted to brown, green, red, orange, yellow and other junk colors, which are the most laborious colors in deuteron eyes.

They can print beautiful details on things, but can you read it? SMD resistors are flat and rectangular, usually larger than through-hole resistors. Stripes are definitely more suitable for small cylinders. There are also printing costs, which must be very cheap for the profit of resistors. Small exquisite printers may be beyond their management capabilities. The printing on the SMD is shaking enough.

What I see with one eye is a little blue, but the other eye sees more red. Therefore, one eye may be a little red, while the other eye lacks blue. Both eyes have (I think) the correct color.

Maybe you are developing cataracts! Otherwise, as you age, your lenses will turn yellow. There is a famous artist who I have forgotten. As he grew up, he suffered similar pain. Compared with when he was young, experts have studied his paintings, which have a completely different palette from when he was old. Together with experts, they analyzed the colors and accurately matched some age-related color degradation. The painting from the middle shows the progress between states, even along the correct time scale.

Do not!

He just forgot to take off his 3D glasses!

To be sure, there is almost no difference between the normal color vision of men and women.

Some women are tetrachromatic and can provide better color vision, but this is certainly not the norm.

However, in addition to the common red/green, there are other forms of reduced color vision.

Wow! I don't know that some people are four-color, so I did a web search.

Explains the concept that men can only see in primary colors :-)

What exactly is "purple"? ?

Therefore, 10% of men are colorblind (most of them are dichromatic, such as 0.1% of women), and theoretically 15% are tetrachromatic (0% of men).

There are considerable differences imo

But as far as I know, in any of my research from color change to a thorough and better distinction between women, there has never been a visual difference between men and women. Some of it may be the psychology I described above.

"Another study showed that up to 50% of women and 8% of men may have four pigments and the corresponding increase in chromatic aberration compared with trichromatic mirrors."

Yes, I found out that I had this problem a few years ago. The solution is to ensure that my entire workshop is equipped with fluorescent lamps. Incandescent lighting will only make the problem worse.

Due to the toxicity of marking dyes, many modern SMD resistors leave the factory without marking at all. Switching to other types of bulbs will not help, you must be organized.

…true? First of all, I have heard of it. Don't think that ink is highly toxic in the field of electronic components. Organizing is a good idea.

Most SMD components are applied by machines, and they don't have to bother trying to read them. Through holes are still used by hobbyists and prototyping staff because they can be used with breadboards.

No one tells you, shouldn't you eat electronic parts? :-) But even if you do, the two most common white pigments, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, are non-toxic. I think it is even classified as a food additive. Only lead-based pigments should be avoided.

I think this is just a cost factor for printing on small 0402 or even smaller components. Resistors in 0603 and higher are still marked.

In Australia, I have seen many foreign tourists asking how to tell which snakes are poisonous.

I just told them I didn't know because I don't eat snakes.

That may just be part of your luck. Usually the cause of the problem is fluorescent lighting, because the peak spectrum may have a tilt aligned with the color band, making orange or red look brown, etc.

High-wattage incandescent lamps (not dim, light yellow 40w bulbs, etc.) will have "perfect" color rendering, so they are actually the best choice for distinguishing colors.

A high-quality fluorescent lamp or LED is almost as good, so if your fluorescent lamp has a good uniform spectrum, or has a peak in the right position without causing any interference, you are good, but if you want to Choose a lighting fixture workbench and read the many color codes, it is best to try any lights you plan to use before submitting to them.

What I want to say is that only sunlight (6000K) can have perfect colors. Unfortunately, incandescent bulbs are limited by the melting point of tungsten. Therefore, for some rooms, I prefer to use 6000K LEDs. Although the color rendering of some rooms is really poor, you must choose a good room with a high CRI.

LED mainly adjusts the color temperature by changing the amount of blue light in a very narrow frequency band-therefore, it is a low CRI light with lower blue light. It does not help you see colors, because the iris of the eye mainly responds to blue light, so by having a strong peak, the eye restricts the amount of light entering the retina, causing the other side to lose color contrast. Because of the Purkinje effect (Purkinje effect) at the end of the spectrum (red becomes black).

Ironically, due to its nature, cos incandescent lamps have a full spectrum. Although they may lack the power of blue, their light is usually yellowish. The solution to this problem may be to throw more photons and fluorescent lights are brighter, although yes, cool white lights also have more blue.

The color temperature of the halogen bulb is slightly higher.

When the light level drops, the sensitivity of the eyes to red wavelengths decreases and blue increases. When the natural color temperature starts to shift to red, we react to seeing the color "correctly" under sunset conditions.

I don't think it is necessarily color blind (@zé) or lighting (@Medix). Those cheap resistors with almost lime green are really scary. I think the paint they used for the stripes was a bit too transparent, or maybe it was applied when the body paint was still wet, so it was mixed. Either way, the colors will be mixed and become something that only people with extensive mixing palette experience can read.

Lime green! I have seen light blue, but most resistors are official "salmon". I think the 11th color must be found, not to be confused with the other 10 colors too much, and they have used gold and silver, it must be a challenge! It would have been easier to genetically transform more cone cells into engineers.

Okay, not exactly lemon green, a little darker, but this is the closest shade I want to talk about. I received them when I bought very cheap items from Ebay sellers in China. I also saw them being soldered to the PCB of consumer electronics. They are really hard to read, and I often have to use an electric meter. I hate to do this, because then I don't know if this is the actual expected resistance or out of specification. Will the latter be stable? It is best to only buy new ones. Although you don't want to wait a month or more, it is becoming increasingly difficult to do so now.

When working on art, my color discrimination is above average, but I often look at a resistor obliquely under bright light. It is different from the colors used by other manufacturers and lies between the two colors. Their bad colors made me question my vision.

I hesitated and said: "Well, it's nearly 5% more than this color, so it must be this color!"

I try to remember that before squinting too much, the DMM can reach and is faster.

I'm not a color-blind person, but I agree that the color codes of modern resistors are harder to read than those of the 60s, which have a dark brown body and opaque color stripes.

Cataracts and age-induced retinal dystrophy can also cause loss of color vision. Especially in the first case, as people get older, everyone’s lenses will become a bit foggy, which can cause a drop in contrast and saturated color perception-the brain is used to it, so you don’t notice until it really deteriorates.

I believe Bill will not talk about his memory of resistors for more than 50 years.

You can compare old resistors in old equipment with modern equipment to understand the difference Bill said.

I am dealing with many old-fashioned technologies, and I can confirm his words.

Thank you for confirming that this is true. I don’t like to do this when people are skeptical of random guesses such as those mentioned above, which indicate that serious health problems are the cause (or other human “defects”). Luke's answer was (probably unintentionally) a rather hostile reaction.

This is a general reaction, indirectly indicating that the "observer"/human being is always at fault (due to imperfection) and defending the problematic technology/solution/method.

A mentality that is too common among various technicians.

I don't think a person will be hostile unconsciously. Maybe not sensitive. Although on the other hand, they can also be paranoid, spiny and overly sensitive.

If you are using a resistor 50 years ago, it is not unreasonable to assume that it is 50 years ago. There are many grocery stores here! This may not be the case for you, but guesses based on forum posts are acceptable guesses. You can refute it freely, just like in the past.

Everyone’s eyesight is declining. Especially those who spend a lot of time looking at the screen while the rest is staring at tiny colored stripes. Therefore, this is not an unreasonable assumption.

Again, you can refute. It's ok. Don't feel sad, that guy doesn't know you. This is just a suggestion based on part of the information in the forum posts. For many people who cannot see the colors of modern resistors, this is their age! Belongs to the best of us. Wait until your eyes start to spin, and then you will find gray hair everywhere on your head and body!

Strangely, when I was middle-aged, my eyes lost some flexibility. The optician said it was normal. But in this way, I can now read better without glasses, including computers. I am cured! Unless there are far away places, I still need them. Therefore, when I mess up my phone or read something, I tend to stare at them like a clever guide, and then push them back into my nose when I actually see them. In front of the computer, I just took them off. Put them on the table. They are there!

Making assumptions about health is never a good thing.

My eyesight gradually weakened, and I could barely see even with glasses.

My lung function dropped to 52%. I was diagnosed with COPD and I was looking forward to spending a short life in a wheelchair because my lung function gradually declined so that I could not support my vital organs.

Now, my lung function has reached 98%. A recent eye exam showed that my vision is better than the average vision of my peers, and there are no people wearing glasses.

I found that my condition was the result of toxin exposure, not related to age. I left the environment where the toxin was.

Never think that health begins with age, otherwise you may be left behind and fall into a debilitating state that does not require pain.

It is indeed difficult for me to distinguish certain colors, but not always.

Stupid aging eyes;}

I did not consider how the color of the resistor body might change, I must pay attention next time.

But even if it doesn't, my red/orange will mix, and my brown/purple will mix.

Just the night before, I had a 5-band resistor, and I swear that the gold band was always yellow, and then cursed my eyes again until I noticed that the 4th band was purple.

The brown-black-black-purple "gold" will be 1 billion ohms, which (useless) makes no sense.

It is strange to realize that I knew the correct color at one time and read silly things backwards. That is 1% 470.

There is indeed a gigaohm resistor. Usually, they are not color-coded, but I am pretty sure I have seen at least one color with normal "stripes".

I have done a lot of work in audio equipment electronics and condenser microphone preamplifiers. Very high resistance resistors are common. Sometimes as much as ten megohms.

The resistance of the grease left on the finger may be less than 10 megohms.

Next step-what is the range of 0 ohm 5% resistance?

I do have some zero ohm resistors. Of course, a single black belt lacks tolerance information.

But your comments did make me want to draw my own silver or gold bands at the end and somehow try to get them back into the wild.

Can you imagine the look on that person's face ten years from now? >:}

Once upon a time, I ordered a roll of 1206 zero ohm resistors, and Digikey sent me a roll of 1206 fuses. I realized that I can't say that they gave me the wrong part, it's just not the part I ordered.

According to my experience, the range is about 5 meters.

The joke is that when you look at the data sheet for zero ohm resistors, many times they do specify tolerances.

The product code of this resistor is RC0603FR-070RL, where RC0603 is the size, F is ±1%, R is the reel type, 07 is the reel size, 0R is zero ohms, and the last L represents a custom label. When ordering these parts, if needed, you can technically order a resistance with a zero ohm resistance of 5%. Anyone will guess what you will get.

Ima buys cheap Volt or Leaf batteries. The battery has been burned out and equipped with a zero-ohm resistance container with a tolerance of 5%. It is tested to find out the resistance of less than 5% ohm, and then the car Drive away and sell the rest of the back.

*Starting from 0 ohms, derp, should be obvious from the context, but for nitpickers...

If you bought it from eBay, then 5% of the time will be a 0.4 ohm resistor.

@RW: 5% of zero is still zero.

Also, please don't forget that some of them have very high TK, up to 4380ppm/K.

But for most "zero-ohm jumpers", they do not specify a tolerance, but a maximum value. Value, for example 50 milliohms.

The "maximum" is also strange. A manufacturer provides a 200V 0R jumper in the case of the "working voltage" specification, which will be huge power.

Oh, I know they exist, but I have never bought or used anything myself, so it doesn't make sense to put them in my parts box.

Of course, the parts bin may resemble a garbage drawer. I found someone there somehow only surprised me a little.

1 Gohm, what glass are they made of?

Never understand why smd capacitors have no code for resistance

This is because the assembling robot does not query the physical map like we do. Compared with girls who do more complex jobs, they are paid higher.

I guess this is because SMD parts are directional, there is an "up" part that can identify troublesome parts from any angle, and these parts have no codes, and the space on the parts is not too small.

There is no "left" or "right" for through-hole resistors. Or think about it "upward". You can determine the end that starts with gold/silver/no streaks at one end. The same thing can work like a cylinder on a rectangle.

Don't fucking tempt them! Their actual numbers are much better than those bad, useless colors! They should modify these numbers in turn and place them on the resistors.

useless. Until you use low TC parts printed with that value, but the machine that loads them puts all the values ​​on the PCB. The schematic is not helpful, because the code is under the part. Read the documentation carefully until you find the board layout, then cross-reference the schematic and know the value after 5 minutes, and you can continue troubleshooting-if you remember why the value is needed.

I also don't think SMD resistors should be installed in reverse. The resistive element is usually on the top, so if it is mounted on a board, the maximum dissipation may be worse.

do not know! I always thought they were a mixture of various solids such as carbon and binder. interesting!

No, they are usually mostly solid mixtures of aluminum and oxygen. Usually called Al2O3 ceramics. With a thin layer of metallic glass resistive glue.

In the Soviet Union, the denominator of resistance is represented by numbers

The link is broken or forbidden:-(

Just press ENTER in the URL line.

Unfortunately, it is not used today.

!

When I was very young, I learned how to read basic resistor color codes and never looked back. Of course, when I need a strange value in the parts kit, I still need to find something, but this is a value that has never been used before. I do admit that I first noticed this strangeness in a pamphlet about standards published by Radio Shack a few years ago.

Interesting article-thanks! But I am still confused about the concept of E series and tolerance. I have heard two explanations:

1. The most common situation is that 10% of the resistance is random, and the error may be as high as 10%. For example, due to the manufacturing process I think, a 100 ohm resistance may be between 90 and 110 ohms. However, I have never been able to find relevant basic statistics. Does this mean that the resistor has an average value of 100, a standard deviation of 10, and a Gaussian distribution? Or, the distribution can be uniform between 90 and 110 ohms? If anyone has a good reference, I would appreciate it.

2. The "non-random" interpretation of the E series is that if the design requires resistance R, the nominal value is always within 10% of the required R value, and with a 10% resistor, the designer will never exceed the required sum The error between the nominal resistance values ​​is 10%. Does this mean that resistance randomness is not assumed? (That is, the actual R value is very close to the nominal value, otherwise there are two sources of error, namely the difference between the actual value and the nominal value and the randomness of the actual R value). Maybe a 10% 100 ohm resistor actually has a small standard deviation, maybe one ohm or less?

Any clarification would be great! If you are not an electronics expert, if this falls into the category of "stupid question", I have to apologize in advance!

There is also a third version:

3. The manufacturer measures and produces the same batch of resistors in batches. First, they remove 1% of the resistors, then 2% of the resistors, then 5%, and then 10%, and then discard the remaining resistors or sell them to night brands outside of China Retailer.

This means that the resistance of 10% will almost never be lower than 5% of the actual value, unless the factory issues an order to transfer part of the 5% or better bin to the 10% bin. In other words, unless you buy a 1% resistor or a 0.1% resistor, you will never get close to the actual value.

Good article, still really don't know why the band is needed in the first place. The new resistors illustrate their value, and the resistor is only replaced once about once, and the only time if it has burned out and the strap is not visible. If you want to clone the circuit, remove the part so that the trace can be seen. I think this might be useful for recycling, but I can't imagine that resistor manufacturers would want to help. Are they more useful when the cost of dmm is higher than the battery that comes with it?

I remember that I once found a resistor for laboratory use in a class. They use some 1/8w small resistors that have been in use for more than 20 years. Even with a microscope, it is impossible to distinguish yellow to brown and orange to gold. The lecturer didn't even know what they were, so he only gave 100% to everyone. Very useful stuff!

Well, the working performance of these belts is much better than that of cylindrical parts.

But none of your arguments are about ribbons, they are just against any form of labeling.

I guess that once the circuit is put into use, you no longer have to quote the part label, which gives you even greater motivation! (Completely a pun), but I am glad they are there.

If you consider older chips with nicks, it is more of a color issue. But now imagine this problem, even the poor engraving effect will only appear in the 360-degree rotation of your head!

Well, I often use old gears from Germany and Russia, and there is no problem with resistors playing their value in "plain text". But I must admit that I also know some color codes.

In the right way; this part may not need marking. We live in a world where half of the chips obtained on the board do not have a usable data sheet, and even many discreet components lack any kind of identification. I know the cost of these wire gauges is not high, but I also know that resistors are very cheap, so can I save a lot of money? If nothing else, please consider the school wasted hours on this... Get rid of the mark, these courses become useful things!

In my case, I usually buy the cheapest resistor that best suits my requirements. Sometimes they have blue bodies, and these lines make me unable to read or even new. Don't care at all, it's actually like looking at it from a visual appeal point of view. The minimum price per 100 units is reduced by $0.01, which is the part I want to buy, even if it is not marked.

Or, this may be a somewhat strange idea, and the manufacturing may like...provide each resistance value in several different colors. In this way, if your product may have 3 through-hole resistors, you can buy red, green and blue resistors, it is more difficult to use the wrong resistor, and it is easier to check the resistor used! Industrial machine vision cameras are expensive, and there is a big price difference between a camera that can check the correct skin tone and a camera that can read the ribbon. Unlike we see hundreds of through-hole resistors on modern boards... Generally, if you use them, they are only used for some high current projects.

Have you ever encountered a 30 ohm resistor, it obviously decided to have its own little rebellion, and can withstand greater resistance until it reads 330 ohm? This is the reason why the VCR does not work properly because it is in the circuit at the end of the IR LED of the tape detector.

Yes, but once you take them out of your school bag, they are practically useless! Of course, you will use a multimeter, but the striped ones are independent of any type of measurement required.

In terms of their Gaussian distribution, I think you will get "random" as in "random". unknown. This is the point. Therefore, you do not know the exact value of this one or any of the other hundred. It means that what it says is nothing more. Even if there is some known random distribution in the manufacturing process, how do you guarantee that they are boxed? Random is random, no more information!

I used to have a cheap DMM blowing a resistor.

According to the schematic, it needs about 111.1 ohms.

(I have the schematic because I built it with the Vellemann (?) kit.)

I checked the resistance with a reliable digital multimeter, found an equivalent resistance and soldered it!

This is an interesting idea. But I want to know whether it's not a big deal to prove that by making various series?

If the target value moves only slightly, 10% of one person may be 1% of another.

I guess the change from the scheme you described to the better scheme I made is to reduce the proportion of more resistors produced and sold in various series, making it easier to make low tolerance settings

The distribution of value largely depends on the manufacturer. Back in the bad age of carbon composite resistors (belonging to the Allen-Bradley category), a good carbon composite material manufacturer could almost control the quality of the entire batch of products at 5% or more even if they were labeled at the factory. Good level. 10% is sold as such. If trucks are parked by the lake for a day, they may absorb enough moisture to reduce the value of the moisture below the tolerance limit, so they must be baked to restore specifications.

Carbon film resistors are better and can be rubbed to high precision before coating. The same is true for metal films and cermets and any common technology today. Many modern trimmings are done with lasers instead of abrasion. If the manufacturer does not waste it, there is no excuse for a batch of 10% resistors without resistance within 5%.

There are other questions. Resistance has a temperature coefficient, and its value will drift with age. If a resistor must handle power close to its rated power, it will age faster. If you really need 1% resistors, you don’t want to buy resistors using technology that can produce cheaper 10% resistors and meet the specifications.

These choices are not entirely correct.

Resistance is set by material characteristics and size, both of which need to be controlled during the manufacturing process. The chemical reactions are relatively easy to keep consistent-volume and mass measurements have been well understood for centuries, and some laborious measurements have been used to make a large number of components. The formation of physical resistors is difficult to accomplish consistently, requires measurement and adjustment of each part (very expensive), or expects that the part is allowed to miss the target with a certain allowable tolerance. That will infer the Gaussian distribution.

Over time, the costs associated with this process dropped sharply. Early resistors may have tolerances of 20%, but the automation of manufacturing has allowed tighter tolerances to be achieved at ever-decreasing costs. However, when you want to manufacture 100,000 pcbs and 100 resistors, the price difference of each resistor is 1 cent, which is $100,000, so in most cases, parts with looser tolerances are a better choice.

When selecting this series, the given tolerance should be considered. It is almost certain that the measured resistance is closer to its specified resistance than the next value in the range (next direction). that's it. If you choose a 47K 10% resistor, it may be 42.3K to 51.7K. The next value (39K) in E12 can be 35.1K to 42.9K, and the next value (56K) can be 51.4K to 61.6K. Even at the 10% tolerance limit, if I want 47K resistance, I will most likely choose 47K. Now consider whether the tolerance is 20%, but still choose from E12. The range of 47K is from 37.6K to 56.6K. The overlap of 39K (31.2K to 46.8K) and 56K (44.8K to 67.2K) is very important-if I want a 47K resistor, any of the three values ​​can be provided. The measured resistance of the resistor marked 39K may be higher than the resistance marked 47K, and the measured resistance of the resistor marked 56K is less than the resistance marked 47K. In other words, it doesn't make sense to use the E12 range to select a resistance with a 20% tolerance, because it will not give you more certain values ​​than selecting from the E6 range. Similarly, for a tolerance of 10%, it is almost meaningless to choose from the E24 range, because it gives you less certainty than the E12 range. and many more…

Even if the process control is improved and the variance is reduced, the tolerance value is still only a guarantee. Although 47K 10% resistors manufactured today are more likely to measure 47K than resistors made 50 years ago, the outlier may still be 42.3K. In mass production, guarantee matters are very important. For most circuit designs, resistance values ​​outside the guaranteed range are disputed. Unless absolutely necessary, good circuit design does not require components to meet strict requirements, such as high-end analog electronic equipment (such as professional audio) or test and measurement equipment.

There are some techniques that can rely on the above techniques. Suppose I have a small part to sell in three versions, one is a normal specification, a value specification and a super high-end specification, and the design relies on the critical 50K resistor to some extent. I can simultaneously use 10% of the components in the E12 series to achieve all 3 specifications. First, I designed the circuit to distribute 50K resistors to multiple components. Normal specifications are connected in series to get 47K and 330 ohms. I relied on modern strict variance to create the specified 50.3K resistance. In the quality assurance process, the resistance and the product performance produced by it have passed the specification verification. The budget version has looser product specifications, which can be met by 99.9% of the components, and solves exceptionally serious abnormalities through a warranty plan. The super-spec model replaces a 300 Ohm resistor with a 470 Ohm trimmer potentiometer, which can be factory and after-sales calibration.

I'm pretty sure that your plan to use multiple components will not help, and will actually make the situation worse. If you are not lucky enough to buy a small part with all resistances at the low end of its range, the final accuracy will be even lower. On average, I don’t think there will be any difference. But in general, this will cause additional problems that cannot be solved.

In addition, you mean 3.3K, but we all know it.

Yes, I mean 3k3. Fart at the end of a long post.

Compared with one resistor, the purchase and installation cost of two resistors will not bring any additional problems. The distribution of two additive Gaussian distributions is itself Gaussian. Add the mean and variance.

However, there is no 50k resistor in E12. Not in E24 either. Even E48. Therefore, when choosing a "50K" resistor, would you choose a 47K average distribution or a 50.3k average distribution doubled the variance?

This is easy to visualize in R:

x = seq(40,56, length = 500)

plot(x, dnorm(x, mean = 47, sd = sqrt(2)), type = "l", lwd = 2, col = "blue", main ='normal distribution', xlim = c(40, 60), ylim = c(0,0.5), xlab ='R', ylab ='φμ,σ²(X)')

curve(dnorm(x, mean = 50.3, sd = 2), add = TRUE, type = "l", lwd = 2, col = "red")

The E24 series (usually 5%) allows you to reach 51k. Even there-two 5% resistors with a total resistance of 50.3k are a better choice:

plot(x, dnorm(x, mean = 51, sd = 1), type = "l", lwd = 2, col = "blue", main ='Normal Distribution', xlim = c (40, 60), ylim = c(0,0.5), xlab ='R', ylab ='φμ,σ²(X)')

curve(dnorm(x, mean = 50.3, sd = 1.41), add = TRUE, type = "l", lwd = 2, col = "red")

You must go to E96 to get 49.9k, but this is still not strict enough to meet the over-spec requirements you want to calibrate.

I did a rough Digigikey search on 1/8W through through-hole resistors (because after all this topic is about color codes). It is almost impossible to buy a 10% resistor today. So...Stackpole 1/8W 5% resistor is $0.00589, similar Vishay Dale 1% resistor is $0.0675.

If you build 100,000 small parts, the cost of using a single 1% resistor and two 5% resistors is $5572. If that can meet the market demand for small parts, it will be a very respected design choice.

In fact, my example is artificially designed, and given that there are many better options today, in their correct thinking, no one would choose a 10% tolerance for "some critical" components, let alone critical components . Horowitz and Hill will be shocked. What matters is not just tolerances, but also other attributes such as temperature coefficient and humidity resistance. In my defense, I did not say yes, but only said yes. The value selection in each resistance series can be traced back to the days when you might use a 10% tolerance. Even so, the trick is still valid, but today you will choose two 1% resistors so that the average value is close to the nominal value available only in E192. The comments on eevblog indicate that the difference in resistors is usually much better than expected. From their tolerance specifications.

Similarly, "the given tolerance should be considered when selecting this series. It is almost certain that the measured resistance is closer to its specified resistance than the next value in the range (next direction)."

I think this is for the manufacturer's sake. This means they can bin all resistors, regardless of their resistance value, almost every resistor they make will be within 10% of the resistance value of one or the other. As others have said, resistors within 1% are sold at a price of 1%, but with a tolerance of 10%, almost every resistor will have a place.

Logically speaking, those with a tolerance of 20% will be almost completely between the other values. Assume that everything that falls within 10% is removed and sold with better tolerances.

Chip resistors are sampled in batches and are not individually boxed. Due to the variation of NiCr thickness and the accuracy of the optical and motion control systems aimed at the laser used to trim them, there is still a normal distribution within each batch. In turn, these will depend on the life of the machine. Older machines, newer machines have better initial specifications, and the machines will wear out over time, reducing their performance. My view is that it is usually more advantageous to replace the production line with newer equipment and introduce a new product line with better specifications than trying to pick cherries in batches from an older production line. As a result, the older tolerances eventually become obsolete.

An example-Vishay TNPU chip resistors have a tolerance of +/- 0.02% and a temperature coefficient of 5ppm/C. Older product lines with larger 1% tolerances cannot achieve this goal. It is worth noting that high-precision chip resistors are usually thin-film NiCr, not thick-film. I guess that the film thickness is the control variable and the main reason for the increased tolerance.

Precision wirewound resistors are usually measured individually. For decades, their manufacturing process has not changed much. The process variables include iron core (diameter and cylindricity), welding wire (diameter, cylindricity and tension), and mechanical accuracy of spot welding and winding processes. Most of these are easy to control and can be mass-produced with high precision. However, the spool can only be wound with one resistor at a time. The resulting high production cost reduces the cost of a single measurement.

In all these areas, it is important to remember that good circuit design does not require strict tolerances unless necessary, and even today, this is much less. Few people now use discrete components to build A/D converters, so buying ICs is usually more effective. Wheatstone bridge? I know. Audio preamplifier? I know. The analog system has been replaced by the digital system. Bipolar transistor with MOSFET. Discrete resistors have mostly been downgraded to support roles, such as pull-ups and protections, and strict tolerances are not required in these applications. I would not be shocked if more 5% tolerance chip resistors with 102 and 103 values ​​are used than the sum of any other tolerance values.

I'm not sure about the resistors, but choosing 1% surface mount capacitors for 0.05% tolerance applications, it took a puzzling time. (They will be used at low temperatures and it is impossible to obtain more precise components.) Their distribution is definitely not Gaussian. In a batch, you will get about half closely clustered around some very specific values ​​and a bunch of outliers. The next batch will have a very different center value. We didn't bother to record those records that did not meet the specifications, but my qualitative impression is that a certain peak value is different from the calibration value by a fixed value. This is a huge peak with wide tails in both directions.

Similarly, they first select parts with higher tolerances from the lot.

It is basically a Gaussian distribution, because the process is not completely accurate, it will be biased to one side, and then the bell curve is divided into two according to the nominal value, and then all the parts with the highest accuracy are taken out to different warehouses .

If the cluster you measure is higher than the nominal value, then it should have a tail to the right, if it is lower than the nominal value, then it should have a tail to the left.

What I didn't get was that almost every introductory e-book stated the color code of the resistor at the beginning. But almost no one mentioned how to interpret the capacitor marking! Of course, in most cases, electrolysis is obvious, but not many disc capacitors.

As a child, I grew up before parts were cheap and ordered online, and the lack of any markings on most inductors was a strong limiting factor for my budding electronics hobby. I dream of reusing parts from garbage equipment, but most of them I can’t determine their value!

And it doesn't work. At the time, the L/C table was not an option for children's budget. Now everything is cheap!

Ceramic capacitors use the same system as SMD resistors... but the values ​​given are expressed in picofarads.

104⇒10 0000pF⇒100nF

473⇒47 000pF => 47nF

331⇒33 0 pF⇒330pF

Of course, with the help of the Internet, it is not difficult to find these days. But when resistor color codes are almost everywhere, why is this information not included in more of the initial electronic text?

Because it is difficult to write this part clearly, you can read it from the beginning before purchasing the book.

the same.

For years, I have been searching for information on how to read these old resistors and capacitors. At last!

Can't you find the color code of the resistor? In fact, it is given in every introductory electronic text. There is still no rhyme we are going to mention here... I am really surprised, "How to find a resistance value" or something in the Internet search must be resolved soon! Or, you just need to ask an electronic freak. I think your expectations are higher than expectations!

Stuart, I think this is problematic because the microfarad mentioned in the 1940s guide above. But then I noticed that it was distributed in two lines, not a typo... it said "Pico Farah". Didn't they have ancient Greeks in the 1940s? I think they just don't have an ISO standard!

Do not. This is not what we are talking about here at all! How did you read so much from the comments without knowing the content of the article?

What is not in these books is how to read old, vintage resistors, where the color code is not stripes. Even if you know the colors, when they are the main color, the base color and the dots, in what order do you read them? This is not the usual left-to-right streak.

When was the last time you saw the opening electronic text containing this information? I might doubt you, because you only read very old texts on electronic products, but I might want to know that micro-microelectronics is not old news for you.

I'm thinking, today someone's thinking is a few thousand times slower, right?

"Didn't they have ancient Greeks in the 1940s?"

Before learning electronics, I had never met a person who had studied ancient Greek or consulted ancient Greek.

I even read "Anabasis".

You know Mega, Wei, Wei Wei. I speak that kind of Greek! "Pico Farad", like they did not invent other scale words, even though they have capacitors that need them. Not entirely serious.

Yes, this is the case in terms of reading OLD resistance. Who knows what my brain is doing?

"Before I studied electronics, I had never met a person who had studied ancient Greek or consulted ancient Greek."

Have you seen such a married person?

Some analog meters have a capacitance range. Connect the capacitor in series with the meter and connect the 115 VAC 60 cycle power supply.

It will be your trouble to build your own clear bridge for capacitors, resistors and inductors. Using some known good components as references, you can even have calibrated measurement equipment.

I rarely use capacitors that can withstand 115VAC, and the actual power supply voltage (230V) is much less. Therefore, low-voltage methods are essential.

OMG, thank you Al!

I have a few humidors filled with humidors that look like the "Résistancesanciennes annees 50.jpg" picture. I am not sure if they are resistors or inductors, nor how to read their color codes. All I know is the band!

I think inductors older than that will have visible windings. Wire wound resistors may be like this! I really don't use those museum works in the actual tour. I want to measure their actual resistance with meters if needed. I think if they have drifted over the years, they will not drift anymore, but in fact, you can spend a lot of money to buy a humidor equipped with modern resistors. Maybe you can sell a few old records to someone who restores antique radios at once. Again, I don't want to rely on old components for anything connected to the mains. Even if my antique radio is still usable, I would not plug it in without supervision.

Although they are not useful for some museums, their value or rarity is not enough to be useful for museums. Take them as an example, you can show them as well as modern resistors and SMDs to show how they shrink over the years. It is interesting that we still use the same color code itself. You can keep them and hope they become valuable before your grandson dies. Or after a certain future end of the world, no one can get any more parts. You built a 2-way radio and you are known as a hero in the community. In addition, despite this... I would not use them because they are too rare, but there are as many as they are because they are definitely useless and unreliable.

"Maybe you can sell some old records to someone who restores antique radios at once."

What do you think of the day I bought them?

Everything I've read shows that the resistors in antique radios usually do. It is best to replace the capacitor. So.. If my radio does have a burnt-out resistor, it may be the result of a damaged lid that cannot be closed, then one of these resistors is likely to be a good resistor that was properly replaced on schedule.

If it has drifted a lot, I would not use it. I am afraid to believe it. Now that I know how to read their marks, I can finally test them! If they are available or useless.. I will determine eventually.

Nevertheless, although I admire and like to watch antique electronic products, I still spend more time on modern products. I only really own an antique radio, and I want to restore a day’s family heirloom. Even if repairing antique radios becomes my new main hobby, I might use these resistors for life, with a lifespan of 3 days.

They may be very suitable for circuit sculpture. They are more decorative than any modern decoration. Or maybe it's because a small QRP rig without a casing was made. Here comes the mites of Michigan.

"I will not let it be inserted unsupervised." "

How to install an appropriate size fuse in the device?

Yes, but some parts of the radio may become so hot that the power supplied through the fuse may be dangerous. Some parts should at least get hot. They sometimes use only resistors to lower the supply voltage. At that time they used cloth insulation and wax, and the safety standards are not now. I would really doubt anything old. It's not that you can't enjoy using it, but maybe don't put it on the shelf next to a bottle of methylated alcohol, but stay in the room to listen while plugged in.

I might also want to assemble a short-range AM transmitter and play some music from the 1940s/50s through it. Now listening to the radio trash through virtual antiques will annoy me!

A (possibly) interesting side note: an early radio manufacturer (Philco?) installed new lighting equipment, possibly mercury vapor lamps. The increased light level is welcome, but it makes certain colors indistinguishable.

Their solution is to have the engineer change some resistor values ​​to colors with fewer problems!

Nowadays, the same problem: The CRI of LED lighting is poor, and it is especially difficult to distinguish red: red, orange, gold, and brown are beginning to be similar to each other.

I also found this problem, so I installed a bunch of 95 CRI natural white LED strips (designated as 5000K, measured at 4900K) above the workbench, and now the color reproduction is very good.

There is only a 40-watt halogen lamp on my workbench. CRI = 100

40W halogen lamps do not have that much light output. I prefer 40-50W fluorescent lamps or LED lamps.

Although a few years ago, I still needed a short-term solution to overnight SMD assembly. The 300W or 500W halogen lamp achieves this purpose very well, except for its high heat output-it has been in early summer, dripping sweat will not act as a flux :-)

For spotlights, enough.

I think it depends on the phosphor. A single yellow phosphor, together with the blue LED on which they are based, will emit a "white" light, but I don't want to use it to light up my house. In particular, it is not necessary to identify the color under it. Again, although I will use a multimeter as much as possible.

If they add extra phosphors, they can get better light. The name from the appropriate manufacturer comes with an English or European name, at least a name with Latin letters (!) designated for lighting, which may be better for CRI. Put in some red, green and other phosphors to get the widest possible frequency band. The LED is monochromatic. Like every Ebay supplier that sells goods, cheap, nameless Ebay LEDs are purely price-based, and you can search for prices. Price-quality = profit, so quality is the enemy!

Many people have noticed that this may be a problem, but don't know why. The public's ignorance and boredom leads to one of the things that are shy. It's like politics!

The "better" CRI> 80 you can find in any supermarket without special order. They basically just add red phosphor to the yellow phosphor. It is difficult to find bulbs with CRI>90 anywhere, because 80 bulbs are a cheap manufacturing point for these products, and most consumers will not notice or care.

But this is still bad. Even if the CRI of the old compact fluorescent tube is> 87, and to have good color rendering, you want to be greater than 92.

When I discovered that our assemblers used 270K (red, violet, yellow) and 4K7 (yellow, violet, red) resistors interchangeably, I had to do something similar. The 270K resistor has an arbitrary RC time constant, so we switch to the adjacent value (220K or 330K). Close enough!

An older colleague of mine believes that E3 values ​​of 1, 2.2 and 4.7 are sufficient for most components :-)

It does feel that most of the old resistors on the earth are beginning to appear brown-black, red-red or yellow-purple. If I had to guess, the next most common value will start in blue-gray.

Using only those E3 values ​​in the gain circuit R/r, you can approximate the gains that are important in log10 mathematics-1, 2, and 5. Using the E3 series of only 30 years, that is, 9 total values, you can get about 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500.

The combination of two E3s in series (or an E3 with a 0 ohm jumper) can generate: 1, 2.2, 3.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.4, 5.7, 6.9 and 9.4, which is a good starting point in the linear range. Adding the value of 6.8 can also generate 7.8 and 9.0.

Please correct your article, this is "Résistancesanciennes annees 50 by François Collard, CC-BY-SA 4.0".

When my grandfather passed away, I learned that he was in "resistance" and passed the British pilots from one place to another, through the forest.

Resistance is not in vain. Oh, sweet!

I like the simple three-letter system used for SMD parts, but the "new" EIA-96 is indeed PITA. I will never remember these things, always have to look for it. Measuring SMDs online is not always feasible, and sticking them in a confined space and removing them without damage will not be fun.

In any case, all this will soon disappear. Resistor manufacturing has started to stop printing values ​​on SMT resistors.

Mainly a few

#1) They can save $0.0000000002 and save ink cost by skipping the printing process.

#2) There is no value on the capacitor, and no one complains, so why do we do this to the resistor.

#3) The machine mainly installs them and does not need to read the value.

In the next few years, you will pay high prices for marked resistors.

#4. In any case, 01005 size SMD cannot be read.

First of all, I think they cannot be handled.

Among the many resistor manufacturers I deal with every day, none of them plan to delete the mark (due to the work of electronic contract manufacturers, I think there are at least 9)

1) The cost has nothing to do with the added value of the mark used for inspection and other post-processing. The resistor material is ideal for adding a marking step, so this is the reason for the standard process for resistors.

2) Due to material reasons, the cap is not marked. Labeling capacitors with standard methods will not lead to very obvious results. Manufacturers can use laser-based processes to obtain caps, but this adds considerable cost and is therefore not standard.

3) The perfection of the machine is only human-loaded machines and traceability tools used by manufacturers. After SMT, flying probe or ICT style tests are not always used to verify the assembly, and when a 10k resistor is loaded instead of a 20k resistor, the functional test cannot always capture, but it will affect the end user. Using AOI, AXI and visual inspection are more cost-effective solutions for quality management.

4) Yes, for 01005 and most 0201s, legibility is limited.

Can a typical AOI recognize the printed content on the resistor? Or is it not possible because ICT is more reliable?

The mnemonic-it is best to be right, otherwise your grand plan will go wrong-(black, brown, red, etc.-purple stands for purple) has helped many learners. Of course, there are also hard-shell variants, but this "clean" version is suitable for hybrid companies!

Bad beer rotten our young courage, but vodka is going well

Hey, Elliott!

What is the German who put the rose on the grave?

Oh, I do not know. I have to ask around.

Dutch: Zij Bracht Rozen Op Gerrits Graf Bij Vies Grauw Weer. I think she brought the rose to Gerrits' grave in the dirty gray weather

Al, I am glad you can cheer for your brother!

I just came here to say that I found a file that was stored decades ago...

Zij Zwart (black, 0)

Bracht Bruin (Brown, 1)

Rozen Rood (Red, 2)

Op Oranje (orange, 3)

Gerrits Geel (yel

The global thick layer SMD resistor market (2021-2026) in the global and major regions in the insights of manufacturers, regions, final product types and industries; this report analyzes the top companies in the world and major regions, The thick-layer SMD resistor market is divided by product type and application/process industry. The research on the market trend of thick-layer SMD resistors includes analysis of various factors affecting the industry, including government policies, competitive environment, historical data, market environment, current market trends, upcoming technologies, technological innovations and technological advancements in related industries, and market risks , Market barriers, opportunities and challenges.

Get a sample PDF of the report @

It is expected that during the forecast period between 2021 and 2026, the global thin-film SMD resistor market will grow at a considerable rate. By 2021, the market will grow steadily as major manufacturers increase their adoption strategies. Participants expect the market to rise within the expected range.

Global 2021 thick layer SMD resistor market research provides a basic overview of the industry, including definitions, classifications, applications and industrial chain structure. It provides the global thick film SMD resistor market share analysis for the international market, including development trends, competitive environment analysis and key regional development status. Discussed policies and development plans, and also discussed the manufacturing process and cost structure. The report also pointed out the consumer's import and export situation, supply and demand figures, costs, prices, revenue and gross profit margin. For each covered manufacturer, this report looks at its thin film SMD resistor manufacturing plant, capacity, output, ex-factory price, revenue and global market share.

The "2021 Global Thick Film SMD Resistors Market Report" provides exclusive important statistics, data, insights, trends and detailed information on the competitive landscape of this market segment.

Know how the 19 COVID pandemic affects the thick layer SMD resistor market/industry requirements-sample copy of the report@

The top-ranked main players in the thick layer SMD resistor market report are-

Rohm Semiconductor

Boons

Delta Electronics

Visa

RCD components

Kunio

Stackpole Electronics

NIC components

Cardok Electronics

Fenghua, Guangdong

Unihom

The report also highlights the world's leading industry leaders in the global thick-layer SMD resistor market, providing such things as company profile, product pictures and specifications, capacity, output, price, cost, revenue and contact information. This report focuses on the global, regional and company-level thick film SMD resistor market trends, volume and value. From a global perspective, the report represents the overall scale of the thick-layer SMD resistor market by analyzing historical data and future perspectives.

Use tables and graphs to help you analyze the world. The global thick film SMD resistor market forecast provides key statistical data on the state of the industry. It is a valuable source of guidance and guidance for companies and individuals interested in the market.

Consult before purchasing this report@

According to the product, this report shows the average output, revenue, price, market share and growth of each type, mainly divided into

Conventional resistance

Low resistance

The report is based on end users/applications, focusing on the status and prospects, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate of the main applications/end users of each application, including

Instrumentation

Medical equipment

power supply

electric equipment

Electronic digital products

other

Key issues in the report:

?? What is the growth rate of the thick SMD resistor market?

?? What are the key factors driving the global thick-layer SMD resistor market?

?? Which top manufacturers in the thick layer SMD resistor market?

?? What are the market opportunities, market risks and market overview of the thick layer SMD resistor market?

?? What is the sales, revenue and price analysis of the top manufacturers in the thick layer SMD resistor market?

?? Who are the distributors, traders and agents in the thick-layer SMD resistor market?

?? What are the market opportunities and threats for the global thick-layer SMD resistor industry suppliers facing?

?? According to the type and application of the thin film SMD resistor industry, what is the sales, revenue and price analysis?

?? What is the sales, revenue and price analysis of the thin film SMD resistor industry by region?

To purchase this report (the price of a single user license is $299)@

Key points of the catalog:

1 Overview of the thick layer SMD resistor market

1.1 Product overview and scope of thick-layer chip resistors

1.2 Thick-layer SMD resistor segments by type

1.2.1 Global Thick Film SMD Resistor Sales Growth Rate by Type (2021-2026)

1.2.2 10 mg

1.2.3 20 mg

1.2.4 30 mg

1.3 Thick layer SMD segment resistance for each application

1.3.1 Sales comparison of thick SMD resistors by application: 2021 VS 2026

1.3.2 Hospital

1.3.3 Clinic

1.3.4 Other

1.4 Global Thick Layer SMD Resistor Market Size Estimate and Forecast

1.4.1 2015-2026 Global Thick-layer SMD Resistors Revenue

1.4.2 Global sales of thick layer SMD resistors 2015-2026

1.4.3 Thick-layer SMD resistor market scale by region: 2021 and 2026

1.5 Industrial thick layer SMD resistors

1.6 Market Trend of Thick Layer SMD Resistors

2 Manufacturers' global SMD resistor market competition

2.1 Global market sales share of thick SMD resistors by manufacturer (2015-2021)

2.2 Global Thick Layer SMD Resistors Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2021)

2.3 The global average price of thick-layer SMD resistors by manufacturers (2015-2021)

2.4 Manufacturer's thick SMD resistor manufacturing location, service area, product type

2.5 Competition Situation and Trends of Thick SMD Resistor Market

2.5.1 Market price concentration of thick-layer SMD resistors

2.5.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Player Market Shares by Revenue

2.5.3 Market share by company type (level 1, 2 and 3)

2.6 Mergers and acquisitions of manufacturers, expansion plans

2.7 Main interview with key SMD resistor player (thought leader)

3 Market situation of thick SMD traceable resistors by region

3.1 Global thick-layer SMD traceable resistor market sales scenarios by region: 2015-2021

3.2 Global thick-layer SMD traceable resistor market revenue scenarios by region: 2015-2021

3.3 North American Facts and Data by Country (Region) Thick Layer SMD Market Resistance

3.3.1 Sales of North American thick-layer SMD resistors by country

3.3.2 Sales of North American thick film SMD resistors by country

3.3.3 United States

3.3.4 Canada

3.4 Facts and Figures European Thick Film SMD Resistor Market by Country/Region

3.4.1 Sales of thick-layer SMD resistors in Europe by country

3.4.2 European Thick Film SMD Resistors Sales by Country

3.4.3 Germany

3.4.4 France

3.4.5 United Kingdom se

3.4.6 Italy

3.4.7 Russia

3.5 Facts and Figures in the Asia-Pacific Region Thick SMD Resistor Market by Region

3.5.1 Sales of thick-layer SMD resistors in Asia Pacific

3.5.2 Asia Pacific Sales of Thick Layer SMD Resistors by Region

3.5.3 From China

3.5.4 Japan

3.5.5 South Korea

3.5.6 India

3.5.7 Australia

3.5.8 Taiwan

3.5.9 Indonesia

3.5.10 Thailand

3.5.11 Malaysia

3.5.12 Philippines

3.5.13 Vietnam

3.6 Facts and Data in Latin America Thick Film SMD Market Resistance by Country

3.6.1 Sales of thick-layer SMD resistors in Latin America by country

3.6.2 Sales of thick film SMD resistors in Latin America by country

3.6.3 Mexico

3.6.3 Brazil

3.6.3 Argentina

3.7 Market situation and national data of thick film SMD resistors in the Middle East and Africa

3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Thick Layer SMD Resistors Sales by Country

3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Thick Layer SMD Resistors Sales by Country

3.7.3 Turkey

3.7.4 Saudi Arabia

3.7.5 UAE

4 Historical market analysis of global thick layer SMD resistors by type

4.1 Global Thermistor Market Share by Type (2015-2021)

4.2 Global Thermistor Market Share Revenue by Type (2015-2021)

4.3 Global Thermistor Price Market Share by Type (2015-2021)

4.4 Global market share of thick SMD resistors by market price (2015-2021): low-end, mid-end and high-end

Custom request@

5 Global thick layer SMD historical resistor market analysis by application

5.1 Global Thermistor Market Share by Application (2015-2021)

5.2 Global Thin Film SMD Resistor Application Market Share and Revenue (2015-2021)

5.3 Global thermistor prices by application (2015-2021)

Figure 6 Overview of key companies and businesses on thick-layer SMD resistors

6.1 Concord Kylin

6.1.1 Company Information

6.1.2 Concord Kylin’s description, business description and total revenue

6.1.3 Concord Kirin thin film SMD resistor sales, revenue and gross profit margin (2015-2021)

6.1.4 Republic Kylin product offering

6.1.5 The latest development of Concord Kylin

7thick layer SMD resistor manufacturing cost analysis

7.1 Raw materials for thick-layer SMD storage analysis

7.1.1 Key raw materials

7.1.2 The key to commodity price trends

7.1.3 Main raw material suppliers

7.2 Cost structure manufacturing ratio

7.3 Analysis of manufacturing process of thick-layer chip resistors

7.4 Analysis of SMD Industrial Resistance in Thick Layer Strings

8 channel marketing, distributors and customers

8.1 Marketing channels

8.2 List of thick layer SMD resistor distributors

8.3 Customer thick layer SMD resistors

9 Market Dynamics

9.1 Market Trends

9.2 Opportunities and driving forces

9.3 Challenge

Porter's Five Armies 9.4 Analysis

10 Global Market Forecast

10.1 Global Thick Layer SMD Resistor Market Estimates and Forecasts by Type

10.1.1 Global sales forecast of thick-layer SMD resistors by type (2021-2026)

10.1.2 Expected Revenue of Global Thin Film SMD Resistor by Type (2021-2026)

10.2 Market estimation and application forecast of thick film SMD resistors

10.2.1 Global sales plan for thick film SMD application resistors (2021-2026)

10.2.2 Expected Revenue of Global Thin Film SMD Resistor by Application (2021-2026)

10.3 Thick Film SMD Resistors Market and Forecast by Region

10.3.1 Global sales forecast of thin film SMD resistors by region (2021-2026)

10.3.2 Expected Revenue of Global Thin Film SMD Resistor by Region (2021-2026)

10.4 Estimation and prediction of thick SMD resistors in North America (2021-2026)

10.5 Estimation and projection of European thick film SMD resistors (2021-2026)

10.6 Estimation and projection of thick film SMD resistors in the Asia-Pacific region (2021-2026)

10.7 Estimation and projection of thick film SMD resistors in Latin America (2021-2026)

10.8 Middle East and Africa thick film SMD resistor estimation and forecast (2021-2026)

11 Investigation and conclusion

12 Methodology and data sources

Method 12.1 Methodology/Research

12.1.1 Programming/Design

12.1.2 Market size estimation

12.1.3 Market Segmentation and Data Triangulation

12.2 Data Source

12.2.1 Secondary sources

12.2.2 Main sources

12.3 List of Authors

12.4 Denial

carry on? ? .

Advantages of the main markets for thick SMD resistors

?? The report provides a quantitative analysis of market segmentation, current trends, estimates, and thin film SMD resistor market analysis 2021-2026 dynamics to identify market opportunities.

?? Distribution of major countries in all major regions based on market share.

?? Provide market forecasts and information related to key drivers, constraints and opportunities.

?? In-depth analysis of market segmentation helps to identify market opportunities.

?? The top-ranked countries/regions in each region are allocated according to their contribution to global industry revenue.

?? The report includes analysis of the region and global industry trends, major players, market segments, application areas and market growth strategies.